Cell adhesion inhibitors

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates to novel compounds that are useful for inhibition and prevention of cell adhesion and cell adhesion-mediated pathologies. This invention also relates to pharmaceutical formulations comprising these compounds and methods of using them for inhibition and prevention of cell adhesion and cell adhesion-mediated pathologies. The compounds and pharmaceutical compositions of this invention can be used as therapeutic or prophylactic agents. They are particularly well-suited for treatment of many inflammatory and autoimmune diseases.

This application is a 35 U.S.C. 371 of PCT/US96/11570 filed Jul. 11, 1996.

TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to novel compounds that are useful for inhibition and prevention of cell adhesion and cell adhesion-mediated pathologies. This invention also relates to pharmaceutical formulations comprising these compounds and methods of using them for inhibition and prevention of cell adhesion and cell adhesion-mediated pathologies. The compounds and pharmaceutical compositions of this invention can be used as therapeutic or prophylactic agents. They are particularly well-suited for treatment of many inflammatory and autoimmune diseases.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Cell adhesion is a process by which cells associate with each other, migrate towards a specific target or localize within the extra-cellular matrix. As such, cell adhesion constitutes one of the fundamental mechanisms underlying numerous biological phenomena. For example, cell adhesion is responsible for the adhesion of hematopoietic cells to endothelial cells and the subsequent migration of those hemopoietic cells out of blood vessels and to the site of injury. As such, cell adhesion plays a role in pathologies such as inflammation and immune reactions in mammals.

Investigations into the molecular basis for cell adhesion have revealed that various cell-surface macromolecules—collectively known as cell adhesion molecules or receptors—mediate cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions. For example, proteins of the superfamily called “integrins” are key mediators in adhesive interactions between hematopoietic cells and their microenvironment (M. E. Hemler, “VLA Proteins in the Integrin Family: Structures, Functions, and Their Role on Leukocytes.”, Ann. Rev. Immunol., 8, p. 365 (1990)). Integrins are non-covalent heterodimeric complexes consisting of two subunits called α and β. There are at least 12 different α subunits (α1-α6, α-L, α-M, α-X, α-IIB, α-V and α-E) and at least 9 different β (β1-β9) subunits. Based on the type of its α and β subunit components, each integrin molecule is categorized into a subfamily.

α4β1 integrin, also known as very late antigen-4 (“VLA-4”) or CD49d/CD29, is a leukocyte cell surface receptor that participates in a wide variety of both cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesive interactions (M. E. Hemler, Ann. Rev. Immunol., 8, p. 365 (1990)). It serves as a receptor for the cytokine-inducible endothelial cell surface protein, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (“VCAM-1”), as well as to the extracellular matrix protein fibronectin (“FN”) (Ruegg et al., J. Cell Biol., 177, p. 179 (1991); Wayner et al., J. Cell Biol., 105, p. 1873 (1987); Kramer et al., J. Biol. Chem., 264, p. 4684 (1989); Gehlsen et al. Science, 24, p. 1228 (1988)). Anti-VLA4 monoclonal antibodies (“mAb's”) have been shown to inhibit VLA4-dependent adhesive interactions both in vitro and in vivo (Ferguson et al. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 88, p. 8072 (1991); Ferguson et al., J. Immunol., 150, p. 1172 (1993)). Results of in vivo experiments suggest that this inhibition of VLA-4-dependent cell adhesion may prevent or inhibit several inflammatory and autoimmune pathologies (R. L. Lobb et al., “The Pathophysiologic Role of α4 Integrins In Vivo”, J. Clin. Invest., 94, pp. 1722-28 (1994)).

In order to identify the minimum active amino acid sequence necessary to bind VLA-4, Komoriya et al. (“The Minimal Essential Sequence for a Major Cell Type-Specific Adhesion Site (CS1) Within the Alternatively Spliced Type III Connecting Segment Domain of Fibronectin Is Leucine-Aspartic Acid-Valine”, J. Biol. Chem., 266 (23), pp. 15075-79 (1991)) synthesized a variety of overlapping peptides based on the amino acid sequence of the CS-1 region (the VLA-4 binding domain) of a particular species of fibronectin. They identified an 8-amino acid peptide, Glu-Ile-Leu-Asp-Val-Pro-Ser-Thr [SEQ ID NO: 1], as well as two smaller overlapping pentapeptides, Glu-Ile-Leu-Asp-Val [SEQ ID NO: 2] and Leu-Asp-Val-Pro-Ser [SEQ ID NO: 3], that possessed inhibitory activity against FN-dependent cell adhesion. These results suggested the tripeptide Leu-Asp-Val as a minimum sequence for cell-adhesion activity. It was later shown that Leu-Asp-Val binds only to lymphocytes that express an activated form of VLA-4, thus bringing into question the utility of such a peptide in vivo (E. A. Wayner et al., “Activation-Dependent Recognition by Hematopoietic Cells of the LDV Sequence in the V Region of Fibronectin”, J. Cell. Biol., 116(2), pp. 489-497 (1992)). However, certain larger peptides containing the LDV sequence were subsequently shown to be active in vivo [T. A. Ferguson et al., “Two Integrin Binding Peptides Abrogate T-cell-Mediated Immune Responses In Vivo”, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 88, pp. 8072-76 (1991); and S. M. Wahl et al., “Synthetic Fibronectin Peptides Suppress Arthritis in Rats by Interrupting Leukocyte Adhesion and Recruitment”, J. Clin. Invest., 94, pp. 655-62 (1994)].

A cyclic pentapeptide,

(wherein TPro denotes 4-thioproline), which can inhibit both VLA-4 and VLA-5 adhesion to FN has also been described (D. M. Nowlin et al. “A Novel Cyclic Pentapeptide Inhibits α4β1 and α5β1 Integrin-mediated Cell Adhesion”, J. Biol. Chem., 268(27), pp. 20352-59 (1993); and PCT publication PCT/US91/04862). This peptide was based on the tripeptide sequence Arg-Gly-Asp from FN which had been known as a common motif in the recognition site for several extracellular-matrix proteins.

Despite these advances, there remains a need for small, specific inhibitors of VLA-4-dependent cell adhesion. Ideally, such inhibitors would be semi-peptidic or non-peptidic so that they may be orally administered. Such compounds would provide useful agents for treatment, prevention or suppression of various pathologies mediated by cell adhesion and VLA-4 binding. Co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/376,372 describes β-amino acid containing linear peptidyl compounds with cell adhesion inhibitory activity. International patent applications WO 94/15958 and WO 92/00995 describe cyclic peptide and peptidomimetic compounds with cell adhesion modulating activity. International patent applications WO 93/08823 and WO 92/08464 describe guanidinyl-, urea- and thiourea-containing cell adhesion modulating compounds. U.S. Pat. No. 5,260,277 describes guanidinyl cell adhesion modulation compounds.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention solves this problem by providing novel semi-peptidic compounds that inhibit the binding of ligands to VLA-4. These compounds are useful for inhibition, prevention and suppression of VLA-4-mediated cell adhesion and pathologies associated with that adhesion, such as inflammation and immune reactions. The compounds of this invention may be used alone or in combination with other therapeutic or prophylactic agents to inhibit, prevent or suppress cell adhesion. This invention also provides pharmaceutical formulations containing these VLA-4-mediated cell adhesion inhibitors and methods of using the compounds and compositions of the invention for inhibition of cell adhesion.

According to one embodiment of this invention, these novel compounds, compositions and methods are advantageously used to treat inflammatory and immune diseases. The present invention also provides methods for preparing the compounds of this invention and intermediates useful in those methods.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The following abbreviations are used in the description:

Designation Reagent or Fragment Ac acetyl Bn benzyl Boc tert-butoxycarbonyl Bu butyl Cbz carbobenzyloxy Cy cyclohexyl CyM cyclohexylmethyl DIPEA diisopropylethylamine EDC 1-(3-diethylaminopropyl)-3- ethylcarbodiimide HOBT 1-hydroxybenzotriazole hydrate i-amyl isoamyl i-Pn isopentyl i-Pr isopropyl Me methyl 2-MPUBA 4-(N′-(2-methylphenyl)urea)- phenylmethylamino 2-MPUPA 4-(N′-(2-methylphenyl)urea)- phenylacetyl NMP N-methylpyrrolidinone NMM N-methylmorpholine Ph phenyl PUPA 4-(N-phenylurea)phenylacetyl Su succinimidyl TBTU 2-(1H-benzotriazol-1-yl)- 1,1,3,3-tetramethyluronium tetrafluoroborate TEA triethylamine TFA trifluoroacetic acid THAM tris(hydroxy)methylaminomethane

Definitions

As used herein, the term “alkyl”, alone or in combination, refers to a straight-chain or branched-chain alkyl radical containing from 1 to 10, preferably from 1 to 6 and more preferably from 1 to 4, carbon atoms. Examples of such radicals include, but are not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, pentyl, iso-amyl, hexyl, decyl and the like.

The term “alkenyl”, alone or in combination, refers to a straight-chain or branched-chain alkenyl radical containing from 2 to 10, preferably from 2 to 6 and more preferably from 2 to 4, carbon atoms. Examples of such radicals include, but are not limited to, ethenyl, E- and Z-propenyl, isopropenyl, E- and Z-butenyl, E- and Z-isobutenyl, E- and Z-pentenyl, decenyl and the like.

The term “alkynyl”, alone or in combination, refers to a straight-chain or branched-chain alkynyl radical containing from 2 to 10, preferably from 2 to 6 and more preferably from 2 to 4, carbon atoms. Examples of such radicals include, but are not limited to, ethynyl (acetylenyl), propynyl, propargyl, butynyl, hexynyl, decynyl and the like.

The term “cycloalkyl”, alone or in combination, refers to a cyclic alkyl radical containing from 3-10, preferably from 3-8 and more preferably from 3-6, carbon atoms and may be optionally aryl-fused. Examples of such radicals include, but are not limited to, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl and the like.

The term “cycloalkenyl”, alone or in combination, refers to a cyclic carbocycle containing from 4 to 8, preferably 5 or 6, carbon atoms and one or more double bonds. Examples of such cycloalkenyl radicals include, but are not limited to, cyclopentenyl, cyclohexenyl, cyclopentadienyl and the like.

The term “aryl” refers to a carbocyclic aromatic group selected from the group consisting of phenyl, naphthyl, indenyl, indanyl, azulenyl, fluorenyl, and anthracenyl; or a heterocyclic aromatic group selected from the group consisting of furyl, thienyl, pyridyl, pyrrolyl, oxazolyly, thiazolyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, 2-pyrazolinyl, pyrazolidinyl, isoxazolyl, isothiazolyl, 1,2,3-oxadiazolyl, 1,2,3-triazolyl, 1,3,4-thiadiazolyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, 1,3,5-triazinyl, 1,3,5-trithianyl, indolizinyl, indolyl, isoindolyl, 3H-indolyl, indolinyl, benzo[b]furanyl, 2,3-dihydrobenzofuranyl, benzo[b]thiophenyl, 1H-indazolyl, benzimidazolyl, benzthiazolyl, purinyl, 4H-quinolizinyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, cinnolinyl, phthalazinyl, quinazolinyl, quinoxalinyl, 1,8-naphthyridinyl, pteridinyl, carbazolyl, acridinyl, phenazinyl, phenothiazinyl, phenoxazinyl, pyrazolo[1,5-c]triazinyl and the like.

“Aryl”, “cycloalkyl” and “cycloalkenyl” groups, as defined in this application may independently contain up to three substituents which are independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, hydroxyl, amino, nitro, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cyano, carboxy, carboalkoxy, Ar′-substituted alkyl, Ar′-substituted alkenyl or alkynyl, 1,2-dioxymethylene, 1,2-dioxyethylene, alkoxy, alkenoxy or alkynoxy, Ar′-substituted alkoxy, Ar′-substituted alkenoxy or alkynoxy, alkylamino, alkenylamino or alkynylamino, Ar′-substituted alkylamino, Ar′-substituted alkenylamino or alkynylamino, Ar′-substituted carbonyloxy, alkylcarbonyloxy, aliphatic or aromatic acyl, Ar′-substituted acyl, Ar′-substituted alkylcarbonyloxy, Ar′-substituted carbonylamino, Ar′-substituted amino, Ar′-substituted oxy, Ar′-substituted carbonyl, alkylcarbonylamino, Ar′-substituted alkylcarbonylamino, alkoxy-carbonylamino, Ar′-substituted alkoxycarbonyl-amino, Ar′-oxycarbonylamino, alkylsulfonylamino, mono- or bis-(Ar′-sulfonyl)amino, Ar′-substituted alkyl-sulfonylamino, morpholinocarbonylamino, thiomorpholinocarbonylamino, N-alkyl guanidino, N-Ar′ guanidino, N-N-(Ar′,alkyl) guanidino, N,N-(Ar′,Ar′)guanidino, N,N-dialkyl guanidino, N,N,N-trialkyl guanidino, N-alkyl urea, N,N-dialkyl urea, N-Ar′ urea, N,N-(Ar′,alkyl) urea, N,N-(Ar′)₂ urea, aralkyloxycarbonyl-substituted alkyl, aralkylaminocarbonyl, thioaryloxy and the like; wherein “Ar′” is defined similarly to aryl, but contains up to three substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, hydroxyl, amino, nitro, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, 1,2-dioxymethylene, 1,2-dioxyethylene, alkoxy, alkenoxy, alkynoxy, alkylamino, alkenylamino or alkynylamino, alkylcarbonyloxy, aliphatic or aromatic acyl, alkylcarbonylamino, alkoxycarbonylamino, alkylsulfonylamino, N-alkyl or N,N-dialkyl urea.

The term “aralkyl”, alone or in combination, refers to an aryl substituted alkyl radical, wherein the term “alkyl” and “aryl” are as defined above. Examples of suitable aralkyl radicals include, but are not limited to, phenylmethyl, phenethyl, phenylhexyl, diphenylmethyl, pyridylmethyl, tetrazolylmethyl, furylmethyl, imidazolylmethyl, indolylmethyl, thienylpropyl and the like.

The term “alkoxy”, alone or in combination, refers to an alkyl ether radical, wherein the term “alkyl” is as defined above. Examples of suitable alkyl ether radicals include, but are not limited to, methoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy, iso-propoxy, n-butoxy, iso-butoxy, sec-butoxy, tert-butoxy and the like.

The term “alkenoxy”, alone or in combination, refers to a radical of formula alkenyl-O—, wherein the term “alkenyl” is as defined above provided that the radical is not an enol ether. Examples of suitable alkenoxy radicals include, but are not limited to, allyloxy, E- and Z-3-methyl-2-propenoxy and the like.

The term “alkynyloxy”, alone or in combination, refers to a radical of formula alkynyl-O—, wherein the term “alkynyl” is as defined above provided that the radical is not an ynol ether. Examples of suitable alkynoxy radicals include, but are not limited to, propargyloxy, 2-butynyloxy and the like.

The term “thioalkoxy” refers to a thioether radical of formula alkyl-S—, wherein alkyl is as defined above.

The term “alkylamino”, alone or in combination, refers to a mono- or di-alkyl-substituted amino radical (i.e., a radical of formula alkyl-NH— or (alkyl)₂—N—), wherein the term “alkyl” is as defined above. Examples of suitable alkylamino radicals include, but are not limited to, methylamino, ethylamino, propylamino, isopropylamino, t-butylamino, N,N-diethylamino and the like.

The term “alkenylamino”, alone or in combination, refers to a radical of formula alkenyl-NH— or (alkenyl)₂N—, wherein the term “alkenyl” is as defined above, provided that the radical is not an enamine. An example of such alkenylamino radicals is the allylamino radical.

The term “alkynylamino”, alone or in combination, refers to a radical of formula alkynyl-NH— or (alkynyl)₂N—, wherein the term “alkynyl” is as defined above, provided that the radical is not an ynamine. An example of such alkynylamino radicals is the propargyl amino radical.

The term “aryloxy”, alone or in combination, refers to a radical of formula aryl-O—, wherein aryl is as defined above. Examples of aryloxy radicals include, but are not limited to, phenoxy, naphthoxy, pyridyloxy and the like.

The term “arylamino”, alone or in combination, refers to a radical of formula aryl-NH—, wherein aryl is as defined above. Examples of arylamino radicals include, but are not limited to, phenylamino (anilido), naphthylamino, 2-, 3- and 4-pyridylamino and the like.

The term “biaryl”, alone or in combination, refers to a radical of formula aryl-aryl-, wherein the term “aryl” is as defined above.

The term “thioaryl”, alone or in combination, refers to a radical of formula aryl-S—, wherein the term “aryl” is as defined above. An example of a thioaryl radical is the thiophenyl radical.

The term “aryl-fused cycloalkyl”, alone or in combination, refers to a cycloalkyl radical which shares two adjacent atoms with an aryl radical, wherein the terms “cycloalkyl” and “aryl” are as defined above. An example of an aryl-fused cycloalkyl radical is the benzo-fused cyclobutyl radical.

The term “aliphatic acyl”, alone or in combination, refers to radicals of formula alkyl-CO—, alkenyl-CO— and alkynyl-CO-derived from an alkane-, alkene- or alkyncarboxylic acid, wherein the terms “alkyl”, “alkenyl” and “alkynyl” are as defined above. Examples of such aliphatic acyl radicals include, but are not limited to, acetyl, propionyl, butyryl, valeryl, 4-methylvaleryl, acryloyl, crotyl, propiolyl, methylpropiolyl and the like.

The terms “aromatic acyl” or “aroyl”, alone or in combination, refers to a radical of formula aryl-CO—, wherein the term “aryl” is as defined above. Examples of suitable aromatic acyl-radicals include, but are not limited to, benzoyl, 4-halobenzoyl, 4-carboxybenzoyl, naphthoyl, pyridylcarbonyl and the like.

The term “heterocycloyl”, alone or in combination, refers to radicals of formula heterocycle-CO—, wherein the term “heterocycle” is as defined below. Examples of suitable heterocycloyl radicals include but are not limited to, tetrahydrofuranylcarbonyl, piperidinylcarbonyl, tetrahydrothiophenecarbonyl and the like.

The terms “morpholinocarbonyl” and “thiomorpholinocarbonyl”, alone or in combination with other terms, refer to an N-carbonylated morpholino and an N-carbonylated thiomorpholino radical, respectively.

The term “alkylcarbonylamino”, alone or in combination, refers to a radical of formula alkyl-CONH, wherein the term “alkyl” is as defined above.

The term “alkoxycarbonylamino”, alone or in combination, refers to a radical of formula alkyl-OCONH—, wherein the term “alkyl” is as defined above.

The term “alkylsulfonylamino”, alone or in combination, refers to a radical of formula alkyl-SO₂NH—, wherein the term “alkyl” is as defined above.

The term “arylsulfonylamino”, alone or in combination, refers to a radical of formula aryl-SO₂NH—, wherein the term “aryl” is as defined above.

The term “N-alkylurea”, alone or in combination, refers to a radical of formula alkyl-NH—CO—NH—, wherein the term “alkyl” is as defined above.

The term “N-arylurea”, alone or in combination, refers to a radical of formula aryl-NH—CO—NH—, wherein the term “aryl” is as defined above.

The term “halogen” means fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine.

The terms “heterocycle” and “heterocyclic ring”, alone or in combination, refer to a non-aromatic 3- to 10-membered ring containing at least one endocyclic N, O or S atom. The heterocycle may optionally be aryl-fused. The heterocycle may also be optionally substituted with one to three substituents which are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, hydroxyl, amino, nitro, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, alkyl, aralkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, cyano, carboxy, carboalkoxy, Ar′-substituted alkyl, Ar′-substituted alkenyl or alkynyl, 1,2-dioxymethylene, 1,2-dioxyethylene, alkoxy, alkenoxy or alkynoxy, Ar′-substituted alkoxy, Ar′-substituted alkenoxy or alkynoxy, alkylamino, alkenylamino or alkynylamino, Ar′-substituted alkylamino, Ar′-substituted alkenylamino or alkynylamino, Ar′-substituted carbonyloxy, alkylcarbonyloxy, aliphatic or aromatic acyl, Ar′-substituted acyl, Ar′-substituted alkylcarbonyloxy, Ar′-substituted carbonylamino, Ar′-substituted amino, Ar′-substituted oxy, Ar′-substituted carbonyl, alkylcarbonylamino, Ar′-substituted alkylcarbonylamino, alkoxy-carbonylamino, Ar′-substituted alkoxycarbonyl-amino, Ar′-oxycarbonylamino, alkylsulfonylamino, mono- or bis-(Ar′-sulfonyl)amino, Ar′-substituted alkyl-sulfonylamino, morpholinocarbonylamino, thiomorpholinocarbonylamino, N-alkyl guanidino, N-Ar′ guanidino, N-N-(Ar′,alkyl) guanidino, N,N-(Ar′,Ar′)guanidino, N,N-dialkyl guanidino, N,N,N-trialkyl guanidino, N-alkyl urea, N,N-dialkyl urea, N-Ar′ urea, N,N-(Ar′,alkyl) urea, N,N-(Ar′)₂ urea, aralkoxycarbonyl-substituted alkyl, carboxyalkyl, oxo, arylsulfonyl and aralkylaminocarbonyl.

The term “leaving group” generally refers to groups readily displaceable by a nucleophile, such as an amine, and alcohol or a thiol nucleophile. Such leaving groups are well known and include carboxylates, N-hydroxysuccinimide, N-hydroxybenzotriazole, halogen (halides), triflates, tosylates, mesylates, alkoxy, thioalkoxy and the like.

The term “hydrophobic group” refers to a group which is resistant to uniting with or absorbing water. Examples of such hydrophobic groups include, but are not limited to, methyl, ethyl, propy, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, phenyl, benzyl, naphthyl, N-benzylimidazolyl, methylthioethyl and the like.

The term “acidic functional group” refers to a group which has an acidic hydrogen within it. Examples of such groups include, but are not limited to, carboxylic acid, tetrazole, imidazole, hydroxyl, mercapto, hydroxylaminocarbonyl, sulfonic acid, sulfinic acid, phosphoric acid and phosphonic acid.

The terms “activated derivative of a suitably protected α-amino acid” and “activated substituted-phenylacetic acid derivative” refer to derivatives of carboxylic acids wherein the —OH group is replaced by a superior leaving group. Examples of activated acid derivatives include, but are not limited to, the corresponding acyl halides (e.g. acid fluoride, acid chloride and acid bromide), corresponding activated esters (e.g. nitrophenyl ester, the ester of 1-hydroxybenzotriazole, HOBT, or the ester of hydroxysuccinimide, HOSu), and other conventional derivatives within the skill of the art.

The terms “protected” or “protecting group” refer to a suitable chemical group which may be attached to a functional group of a molecule, then removed at a later stage to reveal the intact functional group and molecule. Examples of suitable protecting groups for various functional groups are described in T. W. Greene, and P. G. M. Wuts, Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, 2d. Ed., John Wiley and Sons (1991); L. Fieser and M. Fieser, Fieser and Fieser's Reagents for Organic Synthesis, John Wiley and Sons (1994); L. Paquette, ed. Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis, John Wiley and Sons (1995).

The compounds of this invention contain one or more asymmetric carbon atoms and thus occur as racemates and racemic mixtures, single enantiomers, diastereomeric mixtures and individual diastereomers. All such isomeric forms of these compounds are expressly included in the present invention. Each stereogenic carbon may be of the R or S configuration. Although the specific compounds exemplified in this application may be depicted in a particular stereochemical configuration, compounds having either the opposite stereochemistry at any given chiral center or mixtures thereof are envisioned as part of the invention. Although amino acids and amino acid side chains may be depicted in a particular configuration, both natural and unnatural forms are envisioned as part of the invention.

In view of the above definitions, other chemical terms used throughout this application can be easily understood by those of skill in the art. Terms may be used alone or in any combination thereof. The preferred and more preferred chain lengths of the radicals apply to all such combinations.

This invention provides compounds which are capable of inhibiting VLA-4-mediated cell adhesion by inhibiting the binding of ligands to that receptor. These compounds are represented by formula (I):

Z—(Y¹)—(Y²)—(Y³)_(n)—X  (I)

and pharmaceutically acceptable derivatives thereof; wherein:

Z is selected from the group consisting of alkyl; aliphatic acyl optionally substituted with N-alkyl- or N-arylamido; aroyl; heterocycloyl; alkyl- or arylsulfonyl; aralkylcarbonyl optionally substituted with aryl; heterocycloalkylcarbonyl; alkoxycarbonyl; aralkyloxycarbonyl; cycloalkylcarbonyl optionally fused with aryl; heterocycloalkoxycarbonyl; alkylaminocarbonyl; arylamino carbonyl and aralkylaminocarbonyl optionally substituted with bis(alkylsulfonyl) amino, alkoxycarbonylamino or alkenyl; alkylsulfonyl; aralkylsulfonyl; arylsulfonyl; cycloalkylsulfonyl optionally fused with aryl; heterocyclylsulfonyl; heterocyclylalkylsulfonyl; aralkoxycarbonyl; aryloxycarbonyl; cycloalkyloxycarbonyl; heterocyclyloxycarbonyl; heterocyclylalkoxycarbonyl; mono- or di-alkylaminocarbonyl optionally substituted with aryl; (alkyl)(aralkyl)aminocarbonyl; mono- or di-aralkylaminocarbonyl; mono- or di-arylaminocarbonyl; (aryl)(alkyl)aminocarbonyl; mono- or di-cycloalkylaminocarbonyl; heterocyclylaminocarbonyl; heterocyclylalkylaminocarbonyl; (alkyl)(heterocyclyl)aminocarbonyl; (alkyl)(heterocyclylalkyl)aminocarbonyl; (aralkyl)(heterocyclyl)aminocarbonyl; (aralkyl)(heterocyclylalkyl)aminocarbonyl; alkenoyl optionally substituted with aryl; alkenylsulfonyl optionally substituted with aryl; alkynoyl optionally substituted with aryl; alkynylsulfonyl optionally substituted with aryl; cycloalkenylcarbonyl; cycloalkenylsulfonyl; cycloalkylalkanoyl; cycloalkylalkylsulfonyl; arylaroyl, biarylsulfonyl; alkoxysulfonyl; aralkoxysulfonyl; alkylaminosulfonyl; aryloxysulfonyl; arylaminosulfonyl; N-arylurea-substituted alkanoyl; N-arylurea-substituted alkylsulfonyl; cycloalkenyl-substituted carbonyl; cycloalkenyl-substituted sulfonyl; alkenoxycarbonyl optionally substituted with aryl; alkenoxysulfonyl optionally substituted with aryl; alkynoxycarbonyl optionally substituted with aryl; alkynoxysulfonyl optionally substituted with aryl; alkenyl- or alkynyl-aminocarbonyl optionally substituted with aryl; alkenyl- or alkynyl-aminosulfonyl optionally substituted with aryl; acylamino-substituted alkanoyl; acylamino-substituted alkylsulfonyl; aminocarbonyl-substituted alkanoyl; carbamoyl-substituted alkanoyl; carbamoyl-substituted alkylsulfonyl; heterocyclylalkanoyl; heterocyclylaminosulfonyl; carboxyalkyl-substituted aralkoyl; carboxyalkyl-substituted aralkylsulfonyl; oxocarbocyclyl-fused aroyl; oxocarbocyclyl-fused arylsulfonyl; heterocyclylalkanoyl; N′,N′-alkyl, arylhydrazinocarbonyl; aryloxy-substituted alkanoyl and heterocyclylalkylsulfonyl.

Y¹ is —N(R¹)—C(R²)(A¹)—C(O)—;

Y² is —N(R¹)—C(R²)(A²)—C(O)—;

each Y³ is represented by the formula —N(R¹)—C(R²) (A³)—C(O)—;

each R¹ is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, and aralkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; cycloalkyl; cycloalkenyl; cycloalkylalkyl; aryl; aminoalkyl; mono- or di-alkyl-substituted aminoalkyl; mono- or di-aralkyl-substituted aminoalkyl; hydroxyalkyl; alkoxyalkyl; mercaptoalkyl; thioalkoxyalkyl

A¹ is selected from the group consisting of amino acid side chains and corresponding protected derivatives; cycloalkyl; and alkyl optionally substituted with amino, acylamino, amino-substituted acylamino, alkoxycarbonylamino, aryl, cycloalkyl, carboxy, alkoxy, aralkyloxy, alkoxycarbonyl, aralkoxycarbonyl, aminocarbonyl, alkylaminocarbonyl, dialkylaminocarbonyl, (alkyl)(aralkyl)aminocarbonyl, aralkylaminocarbonyl, diaralkylaminocarbonyl, hydroxyl, carboxyalkylaminocarbonyl, hydroxylaminocarbonyl, mercapto, thioalkoxy or heterocycle;

A² is selected from the group consisting of acidic functional groups and alkyl optionally substituted with an acidic functional group, protected acidic functional group or aryl;

each A³ is independently selected from the group consisting of amino acid side chains and corresponding protected derivatives; aryl; cycloalkyl; and alkyl optionally substituted with amino, acylamino, amino-substituted acylamino, aryl, cycloalkyl, carboxy, alkoxy, aralkyloxy, alkoxycarbonyl, aralkoxycarbonyl, aminocarbonyl, alkylaminocarbonyl, dialkylaminocarbonyl, (alkyl)(aralkyl)aminocarbonyl, aralkylaminocarbonyl, diaralkylaminocarbonyl, hydroxyl, carboxyalkylaminocarbonyl, hydroxylaminocarbonyl, mercapto, thioalkoxy or heterocycle;

or R¹ and any A are taken together with the atoms to which they are attached form a 3- to 6-membered ring heterocycle;

each R² is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and alkyl;

n is an integer from 0 to 8; and

X is selected from the group consisting of alkoxy; aryloxy; aralkyloxy; hydroxyl; amino; alkylamino optionally substituted with hydroxy, aminocarbonyl, N-alkylaminocarbonyl, carboxy or alkoxycarbonyl; dialkylamino; cycloalkylamino; dicycloalkylamino; cycloalkylalkylamino; (alkyl)(aryl)amino; aralkylamino optionally substituted with carboxy; diaralkylamino; arylamino; heterocycle; and (mono- or bis-carboxylic acid)-substituted alkylamine; heterocyclylamino; heterocyclyl-substituted alkylamino and wherein the compound of formula I is expressly not N′-carboxymethyl-N-(phenylacetyl-L-leucyl-L-aspartyl-L-phenylalanyl-L-prolyl)piperazine (i.e., when Z=phenylacetyl, Y¹═L, Y²═D, Y³═F/P, n=2, and X=4-carboxymethylpiperazinyl) and expressly not phenylacetyl-L-leucyl-L-aspartyl-L-phenylalanyl-D-proline amide (i.e., when Z=phenylacetyl, Y¹═L, Y²═D, Y³═F/p, n=2, and X═NH₂).

A “pharmaceutically acceptable derivative” denotes any pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester, salt of such ester, amide or salt of such amide of a compound of this invention. The invention also includes any other compound which, upon administration to a patient, is capable of providing (directly or indirectly) a compound of this invention (e.g. a prodrug). The invention also includes metabolites or residues of a compound of this invention characterized by the ability to inhibit, prevent or suppress cell adhesion and cell adhesion-mediated pathologies.

In a preferred embodiment of this invention, A¹ is selected from the group consisting of cycloalkyl; heterocyclic ring (when A¹ and R¹ are taken together); and alkyl optionally substituted with amino, acylamino, amino-substituted acylamino, aryl, carboxy, cycloalkyl, hydroxy, alkoxy, aralkyloxy, alkoxycarbonyl, aralkoxycarbonyl, aminocarbonyl, alkylaminocarbonyl, dialkylaminocarbonyl, (alkyl)(aralkyl)aminocarbonyl, aralkylaminocarbonyl, diaralkylaminocarbonyl, alkoxycarbonylamino, mercapto, thioalkoxy or heterocycle.

More preferably, A¹ is selected from the group consisting of aminocarbonylethyl, benzyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, carboxyethyl, cyclohexyl, 1-hydroxyethyl, hydroxymethyl, mercaptomethyl, 1-methylpropyl, methylthioethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, methoxycarbonylaminobutyl, 6-aminohexanoylaminobutyl and (when A¹ and R¹ are taken together) azetidine, aziridine, pyrrolidine, and piperidine.

Even more preferably, A¹ is selected from the group consisting of benzyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, methylthioethyl, cyclohexyl, 1-methylpropyl, n-propyl and isopropyl. An alternate preferred A¹ is (when A¹ and R¹ are taken together) pyrrolidine.

In an alternate preferred embodiment, A² is selected from the group consisting of alkyl optionally substituted with amino, aminocarbonyl, aryl, alkoxycarbonyl, aralkyloxycarbonyl, hydroxylaminocarbonyl, carboxy, NH-containing heterocycle, hydroxy, or mercapto; aralkyl optionally substituted with amino, aminocarbonyl, carboxy, NH-containing heterocycle, hydroxy, or mercapto; and heterocyclic ring (when A² and R¹ are taken together)

More preferably, A² is selected from the group consisting of carboxymethyl, 2-carboxyethyl, 1-carboxyethyl, hydroxylaminocarbonylmethyl, hydroxymethyl, mercaptomethyl, imidazolylmethyl, N-Bn-imidazolylmethyl, phenyl, carbomethoxymethyl, carbobenzyloxymethyl, and (when A² and R¹ are taken together) azetidine, aziridine, pyrrolidine, and piperidine.

Even more preferably, A² is selected from the group consisting of carboxymethyl, 2-carboxyethyl, 1-carboxyethyl, hydroxylaminocarbonylmethyl, hydroxymethyl, mercaptomethyl and imidazolylmethyl.

According to another preferred embodiment, A³ is independently selected from the group consisting of amino acid side chains and corresponding protected derivatives; cycloalkyl; and alkyl optionally substituted with aryl, cycloalkyl, carboxy, hydroxylaminocarbonyl, alkoxy, aralkyloxy, mercapto, N-containing heterocycle, carboxyalkylaminocarbonyl or amino-substituted acylamino.

More preferably, A³ is independently selected from the group consisting of amino acid side chains and corresponding protected derivatives; cyclohexyl; and alkyl optionally substituted with phenyl, cyclohexyl, carboxy, hydroxylaminocarbonyl, methoxy, benzyloxy, mercapto, N-benzylimidazolyl, biotinyl, tetrazolyl, valinyl-N-carbonyl or 6-aminohexanoylamino.

According to another preferred embodiment, each Y³ is independently selected from the group consisting of amino acids and corresponding protected derivatives.

According to another preferred embodiment, Y¹ is leucinyl (R¹═H, R²═H, A¹═i-Bu); Y² is aspartyl (R¹═H, R²═H, A²=carboxymethyl); n=2; and Y³ is valinylprolinyl (R¹═H, R²═H, A³═i-Pr)/(R²═H, R¹ with A³═proline).

In another preferred embodiment, X is selected from the group consisting of alkoxy; aryloxy; aralkyloxy; hydroxyl; amino; mono- and dialkylamino optionally substituted with hydroxy, aminocarbonyl, N-alkylaminocarbonyl, carboxy or alkoxycarbonyl; dialkylamino; cycloalkylamino; cycloalkylalkylamino; dicycloalkylamino; (alkyl)(aryl)amino; aralkylamino optionally substituted with carboxy; diaralkylamino; arylamino; N-containing heterocycle; bis-carboxylic acid-substituted alkylamine and (mono- or bis-carboxy)methylaminocarbonyl-substituted-N-containing heterocycle.

More preferably, X is selected from the group consisting of amino, methylamino, isopropylamino, isobutylamino, n-butylamino, t-butylamino, isoamylamino, isopentylamino, hexylamino, cyclohexylamino, cyclohexylmethylamino, methylphenylamino, phenylmethylamino, phenylamino, 4-methoxyphenylmethylamino, dimethylamino, diisopropylamino, diisobutylamino, hydroxy, methoxy, n-butoxy, t-butoxy, benzyloxy, 2-piperidinecarboxylic acid, N′-(α,α′-bis-carboxymethyl)-2-piperidinecarboxamide, N′-carboxymethyl-2-piperidinecarboxamide, 1-hydroxymethyl-2-methylpropylamino, 1-N′-methylamido-1-methylethylamino, 3,3-dimethylbutylamino, 1-N′-methylamidobutylamino, 1-amido-2-methylbutylamino, 1-carbomethoxy-2-methylbutylamino, 1-N′-methylamido-2-methylbutylamino, 1-carboxy-1-phenylmethylamino, morpholino, piperidinyl, N-phenylpiperazinyl, pipecolinyl, and piperazinyl.

According to another preferred embodiment, Z is selected from the group consisting of aliphatic acyl, aroyl, aralkylcarbonyl, heterocycloyl, alkoxycarbonyl, aralkyloxycarbonyl and heterocycloalkylcarbonyl. More preferably, Z is a (N-Ar′-urea)-para-substituted aralkylcarbonyl group and even more preferably, Z is a (N-Ar′-urea)-para-substituted phenylmethylcarbonyl group or (N-Ar′-urea)-para-substituted pyridylmethylcarbonyl group. Even more preferably, Z is a (N-ortho-substituted-Ar′urea)-para-substituted phenylmethylcarbonyl group or (N-meta-substituted-Ar′urea)-para-substituted phenylmethylcarbonyl group.

Examples of some specific preferred compounds of this invention are provided in Table 1.

TABLE 1

Z—(Y¹)—(Y²)—(Y³)_(n)—X  (I)

wherein

Y¹ is —N(R¹)—C(R²) (A¹)—C(O)—;

Y² is —N(R¹)—C(R²) (A²)—C(O)—;

each Y³ is represented by the formula —N(R¹)—C(R²) (A³)—C(O)—;

For A¹, A² and A³, a single letter code refers to the side chain of the corresponding amino acid designated by that letter. A capital letter (e.g., A) indicates the L-amino acid while a small letter (e.g., a) indicates the D-amino acid. Both capital and small letters (e.g., L(l)) indicates a mixture.

Unless expressly noted to the contrary; compounds in this table have R¹ and R² as hydrogen.

Cmpd # z A¹ A² (A³)_(n) X 1 3-methoxy-4-(N′-phenyl L D V/P OH urea)phenylacetyl 2 3-methoxy-4-(N′-phenyl M D V/P OH urea)phenylacetyl 3 6-methoxy-5-(N′-(2-methylphenyl)- L D V NH₂ urea)-2-pyridytacetyl 4 6-methoxy-5-(N′-(2-methylphenyl)- L D V OH urea)-2-pyridyiacetyl 5 3-isoquinolinecarbonyl L E V OH 6 3-isoquinolinecarbonyl L hydroxyl- V OH aminocarb- onylmethyl 7 3-isoquinolinecarbonyl L S V OH 8 3-isoquinolinecarbonyl L (N—Bn)—H V OH 9 3-isoquinolinecarbonyl L C V OH 10 3-isoquinolinecarbonyl L tetrazol-5- V OH yl-methyl 11 3-isoquinolinecarbonyl L D — NH-CyM 12 3-isoquinolinecarbonyl L D — OH 13 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propionyl L (R2 = Me) D V OMe 14 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propionyl L D — NH-CyM 15 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propionyl L d — NHi-Bu 16 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propionyl I d — NHi-Bu 17 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propionyl I D — NHi-Bu 18 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propionyl (N—Me)-L D V OMe 19 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propionyl L D V OMe 20 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propionyl L D (N—Me)—V OMe 21 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propionyl L 1-carboxy- V OMe ethyl 22 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propionyl L (N-Me)-D V OMe 23 tetrahydro-3-isoquinolinecarbonyl L D — OH 24 3-phenylpropionyl L D — NH-CyM 25 4-phenylbutyryl L D — NH-CyM 26 5-phenylpentanoy L D — NH-CyM 27 tetrahydro-3-isoquinolinecarbonyl L (N—Bn)—H V OH 28 acetyl (N—Bn)-L D V OMe 29 acetyl (N-phen- D V OMe ethyl)-L 30 3-phenylpropionyl (N-phen- D V OMe ethyl)-L 31 tetrahydro-3-isoquinolinecarbonyl L E V OH 32 3-isoquinolinecarbonyl L D V/P OH 33 tetrahydro-3-isoquinolinecarbonyl L D V/P OH 34 phenylacetyl L D V/P OH 35 phenylacetyl L D V/P OMe 36 3-phenylpropionyl L D V/P OH 37 3-phenylpropionyl L D V/P OMe 38 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propionyl L D V/P OH 39 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propionyl L D VIP OMe 40 Boc L D V/P OMe 41 2-quinolinecarbonyl L D V/P OMe 42 phenylacetyl L D V/pipecolinyl OH 43 phenylacetyl L D V/n-butyl OH 44 2-quinolinecarbonyl L D V/n-butyl OH 45 4-methoxyphenylacetyl (N—Me)-L D V NHMe 46 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propionyl (N—Me)-L D V NHMe 47 benzylaminocarbonyl L D V NHMe 48 p-tolylaminocarbonyl L D V NHMe 49 phenylacetyl n-propyl D V NHMe 50 phenylacetyl L D V NHNap 51 phenylacetyl L D n-propyl NHMe 52 2-quinolinecarbonyl L D n-propyl NHMe 53 phenylacetyl L D 2-butyl NH₂ 54 phenylacetyl L D 2-butyl OMe 55 phenylacetyl L D 2-butyl NHMe 56 2-quinolinecarbonyl L D 2-butyl OMe 57 2-quinolinecarbonyl L D 2-butyl NHMe 58 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-2- L D 2-butyl NHMe quinolinecarbonyl 59 2-quinolinecarbonyl L D (O—Me)—T NHMe 60 2-quinolinecarbonyl L D T NHt-Bu 61 2-quinolinecarbonyl L D T morpho- lino 62 Boc L D T NHt-Bu 63 2-N-Boc-amino-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro- L D V OH 2-naphthoyl 64 3-phenylpropionyl L D V OH 65 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-bis- L D V OH (methylsulfonyl)aminopropionyl 66 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-N-Boc- L D V OH aminopropionyl 67 2-amino-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-2- L D V OH naphthoyl TFA salt 68 Boc D V — OH 69 3-isoquinolinecarbonyl L D V OH 70 3-isoquinolinecarbonyl D V — OH 71 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-3- D V — OH isoquinolinecarbonyl 72 naphthoyl L D V OH 73 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-2-naphthoyl L D V OH 74 naphthoyl D V — OH 75 1 ,2,3,4-tetrahydro-2-naphthoyl D V — OH 76 5-phenylpentanoyl D V — OH 77 2-pyridinecarbonyl L D V OH 78 2-pyridinecarbonyl D V — OH 79 3-tetrahydrofurancarbonyl L D V OH 80 2-tetrahydrofurancarbonyl L D V OH 81 3-isoquinolinecarbonyl F D V OH 82 3-isoquinoiinecarbonyl A (R² = Me) D V OH 83 3-isoquinolinecarbonyl cyclohexyl D V OH 84 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-3- cyclohexyl D V OH isoquinolinecarbonyl 85 3-isoquinolinecarbonyl cyclohexyl- D V OH methyl 86 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-3- cyclohexyl- D V OH isoquinolinecarbonyl methyl 87 3-isoquinolinecarbonyl D F — OH 88 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-3- D L — OH isoquinolinecarbonyl 89 3-isoquinolinecarbonyl D L — OH 90 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-3- L D L OH isoquinolinecarbonyl 91 3-isoquinolinecarbonyl L D L OH 92 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-3- L D F OH isoquinolinecarbonyl 93 3-isoquinolinecarbonyl L D F OH 94 2-quinolinecarbonyl L D V OH 95 3,3-diphenylpropionyl L D V OH 96 l,2,3,4-tetrahydro-3- A D V OH isoquinolinecarbonyl 97 3-isoquinolinecarbonyl A D V OH 98 5-phenylpentanoyl L D V OH 99 indole-2-carbonyl L D V OH 100 3-(4-hydroxy)phenylpropionyl L D — NHi-Bu 101 benzoyl L D — NHi-Bu 102 5 phenylpentanoyl L D — NHi-amyl 103 3-(4-hydroxy)phenylpropionyl L D — NHi-amyl 104 6-phenylhexanoyl L D V OH 105 benzoyl L D V OH 106 5-phenylpentanoyl L D — NHi-Bu 107 N-phenylsuccinamoyl L D V OH 108 N-4-fluorophenyisuccinamoyl L D V OH 109 N-methyl-N-phenylsuccinamoyl L D V OH 110 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-2- L D — NHi-amyl quinoiinecarbonyl 111 N-phenylsuccinamoyl L D — NHi-Bu 112 3-phenylpropyl (N—Me)-L (O—Me)-D V OMe 113 benzoyl (N—Me)-L D V OH 114 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-2- L D V NHHex quinolinecarbonyl 115 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-2- L D V 4-phenyl- quinolinecarbonyl piperidine 116 3-(4-hydroxy)phenylpropionyl L D — NHHex 117 3-(4-hydroxy)phenylpropionyl L D — N(iBu)₂ 118 3-(4-hydroxy)phenylpropionyl L D — N(iBu)₂ 119 3-(4-hydroxy)phenylpropionyl L D V NHHex 120 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-2- L D V NMePh quinolinecarbonyl 121 2-quinolinecarbonyl L D V NMePh 122 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-2- L D V NH-4-flu- quinolinecarbonyl orophenyl 123 2-quinolinecarbonyl L D V NHA-fIu- orophenyl 124 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-2- L D V NHPh quinolinecarbonyl 125 2-quinolinecarbonyl L D V NHPh 126 2-pyridinecarbonyl (N—Me)-L D V NHMe 127 2-quinolinecarbonyl L D V 4-phenyl- piper- azinyl 128 4-methoxybenzoyl (N—Me)-L D V NHMe 129 phenylacetyl Y D V NHMe 130 phenylacetyl P D V NHMe 131 phenylacetyl R D V NHMe 132 phenylacetyl N D V NHMe 133 2-N-Boc-amino-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro- D V — NHMe 2-naphthoyl 134 2-N-phenylacetyfamino-1,2,3,4- D V — NHMe tetrahydro-2-naphthoyl 135 Boc D P G OH 136 phenylacetyl D P G OH 137 phenylacetyl L D — N-[bis- (carboxy)- methyl]- pipecolin- amido 138 phenylacetyl L D P NH-[bis- (carboxy)- methyl] 139 phenylacetyl L D — N- [carboxym ethyl]- pipecolin- amide 140 3-phenylpropionyl (N—Me)-L D V OMe 141 4-hydroxyphenylacetyl (N—Me)-L D V OMe 142 2-quinolinecarbonyl (N—Me)-L D V OMe 143 4-phenylbutyryl (N—Me)-L D V OMe 144 4-(N′-2-hydroxy- L D V/P OH phenylurea)phenylacetyl 145 PUPA L D V/P OH 146 4-(N′-2-hydroxy- M D V/P OH phenylurea)phenylacetyl 147 3-methoxy-4-(N′- L D V/P NH₂ phenylurea)phenylacetyl 148 2-MPUPA L D V/P NH₂ 149 Boc D V P OH 150 5-phenylpentanoyl D V P OH 151 2-allyl-phenylbutyryl V P — OH 152 acetyl F L D/V OH 153 benzoyl F L D/V OH 154 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-3- L D V OMe isoquinolinecarbonyl 155 4-phenylbutyryl L D V OH 156 3-isoquinolinecarbonyl L D V OMe 157 3-isoquinolinecarbonyl L D — NHi-Bu 158 2-quinolinecarbonyl L D V Ot-Bu 159 2-quinolinecarbonyl L (O—Bn)-D V OH 160 2-quinolinecarbonyl L D D OH 161 4-phenylbutyryl L D — NHi-Bu 162 3-phenylpropionyl L D — NHi-Bu 163 benzoyl G L D NHi-Bu 164 2-quinolinecarbonyl L D V NHMe 165 4-methoxybenzoyl L D — NHi-Bu 166 4-phenylbutyryl L D V OMe 167 Boc L D V/M OMe 168 2-quinolinecarbonyl L D V/M OMe 169 N-n-butylaminocarbonyl D V — OMe 170 2-quinolinecarbonyl L D T OMe 171 N-t-butylaminocarbonyl L D — NHi-Bu 172 benzoyl G D V OMe 173 benzoyl G (O—Me)-D V OMe 174 2-quinolinecarbonyl L D — NH(1-hy- droxy- methyl-2- methyl- propyl) 175 2-quinolinecarbonyl L D V morpho- lino 176 4-methoxyphenylacetyl L D T OMe 177 4-methoxyphenysulfonyl L D T OMe 178 2-quinolinecarbonyl L D V NH₂ 179 2-quinolinecarbonyl (N—Me)-L D V NHMe 180 phenylacetyl (N—Me)-L D V NHMe 181 phenylacetyl L D V NHMe 182 3-phenylpropionyl (N—Me)-L D V NHMe 183 phenylacetyl M D V NHMe 184 3-phenylpropionyl (N—Me)-L D V NHMe 185 2-quinolinecarbonyl L D A (R² = Me) NJMe 186 2-quinolinecarbonyl L D V/M OH 187 phenylaminocarbonyl L D V NHMe 188 4-hydroxyphenylacetyl (N—Me)-L D V NHMe 189 phenylsulfonyl L D V NHMe 190 phenylacetyl L D (O—Me)—T OMe 191 phenylacetyl L D T OMe 192 phenylacetyl L D (O—Bn)—T OMe 193 phenylacetyl L D (O—Ac)—T OMe 194 phenylacetyl V D V NHMe 195 2-quinolinecarbonyl L D T On-Bu 196 phenylacetyl L D V On-Bu 197 2-quinolinecarbonyl L D T NH(4- methoxy- benzyl) 198 2-quinolinecarbonyl L D — NH(3,3- dimethyl-n- butyl 199 PUPA I D V/P NH₂ 200 PUPA L d V/P NH₂ 201 PUPA L D V/P NH₂ 202 2-MPUPA (N-6- D V/P OH aminohexa- D V/P OH noyl)-K 203 PUPA L D V OH 204 PUPA L D V NHMe 205 PUPA L D V NHi-Bu 206 2-MPUPA L D V/P OH 207 2-MPUPA L D phenyl OH 208 PUPA L D V/P NH₂ 209 PUPA I D V/P NH₂ 210 PUPA L d V/P NH₂ 211 PUPA L D v/P NH₂ 212 PUPA I d v/P NH₂ 213 PUPA L D — NHBn 214 PUPA L D — morpho- lino 215 PUPA L D — NHi-Pr 216 PUPA L D — NHCy 217 PUPA L D — NHi-Bu 218 PUPA L D — piperidinyl 219 2-MPUPA M D D NH₂ 220 2-MPUPA M D L NH₂ 221 2-MPUPA M D V NH₂ 222 2-MPUPA M D I NH₂ 223 2-MPUPA M D E NH₂ 224 2-MPUPA M D T NH₂ 225 2-MPUPA M D M NH₂ 226 2-MPUPA M D n NH₂ 227 2-MPUPA M D e NH₂ 228 2-MPUPA M D W NH₂ 229 2-MPUPA M D s NH₂ 230 2-MPUPA L D D NH₂ 231 2-MPUPA L D L NH₂ 232 2-MPUPA L D V NH₂ 233 2-MPUPA L D I NH₂ 234 2-MPUPA L D E NH₂ 235 2-MPUPA L D T NH₂ 236 2-MPUPA L D M NH₂ 237 2-MPUPA L D n NH₂ 238 2-MPUPA L D e NH₂ 239 2-MPUPA L D W NH₂ 240 2-MPUPA L D s NH₂ 241 2-MPUPA P D D NH₂ 242 2-MPUPA P D L NH₂ 243 2-MPUPA P D V NH₂ 244 2-MPUPA P D I NH₂ 245 2-MPUPA P D E NH₂ 246 2-MPUPA P D T NH₂ 247 2-MPUPA P D M NH₂ 248 2-MPUPA P D -n NH₂ 249 2-MPUPA P D e NH₂ 250 2-MPUPA P D W NH₂ 251 2-MPUPA P D s NH₂ 252 2-MPUPA T D F NH₂ 253 2-MPUPA T D L NH₂ 254 2-MPUPA T D V NH₂ 255 2-MPUPA T D I NH₂ 256 2-MPUPA T D E NH₂ 257 2-MPUPA T D T NH₂ 258 2-MPUPA T D M NH₂ 259 2-MPUPA T D n NH₂ 260 2-MPUPA T D e NH₂ 261 2-MPUPA T D W NH₂ 262 2-MPUPA T D s NH₂ 263 2-MPUPA E D D NH₂ 264 2-MPUPA E D L NH₂ 265 2-MPUPA E D V NH₂ 266 2-MPUPA E D I NH₂ 267 2-MPUPA E D E NH₂ 268 2-MPUPA E D T NH₂ 269 2-MPUPA E D M NH₂ 270 2-MPUPA E D n NH₂ 271 2-MPUPA E D e NH₂ 272 2-MPUPA E D W NH₂ 273 2-MPUPA E D s NH₂ 274 2-MPUPA C D V NH₂ 275 2-MPUPA S D D NH₂ 276 2-MPUPA S D L NH₂ 277 2-MPUPA S D V NH₂ 278 2-MPUPA S D I NH₂ 279 2-MPUPA S D E NH₂ 280 2-MPUPA D D T NH₂ 281 2-MPUPA S D M NH₂ 282 2-MPUPA S D n NH₂ 283 2-MPUPA S D e NH₂ 284 2-MPUPA S D W NH₂ 285 2-MPUPA S D s NH₂ 286 2-MPUPA I D D NH₂ 287 2-MPUPA I D L NH₂ 288 2-MPUPA I D V NH₂ 289 2-MPUPA I D I NH₂ 290 2-MPUPA I D E NH₂ 291 2-MPUPA I D T NH₂ 292 2-MPUPA I D M NH₂ 293 2-MPUPA I D n NH₂ 294 2-MPUPA I D e NH₂ 295 2-MPUPA I D W NH₂ 296 2-MPUPA I D s NH₂ 297 2-MPUPA Q D D NH₂ 298 2-MPUPA Q D L NH₂ 299 2-MPUPA Q D V NH₂ 300 2-MPUPA Q D I NH₂ 301 2-MPUPA Q D E NH₂ 302 2-MPUPA Q D T NH₂ 303 2-MPUPA Q D M NH₂ 304 2-MPUPA Q D n NH₂ 305 2-MPUPA Q D e NH₂ 306 2-MPUPA Q D W NH₂ 307 2-MPUPA Q D s NH₂ 308 2-MPUPA M E D NH₂ 309 2-MPUPA M E V NH₂ 310 2-MPUPA L E D NH₂ 311 2-MPUPA L E V NH₂ 312 2-MPUPA P E D NH₂ 313 2-MPUPA P E V NH₂ 314 2-MPUPA T E D NH₂ 315 2-MPUPA M D V/P OH 316 4-(N′-2-pyridylurea)phenylacetyl L D V/P OH 317 3-methoxy-4-(N′-(2-methylphenyl)- L D V/P NH₂ urea)phenylacetyl 318 PUPA L D V morpho- lino 319 PUPA L D V NHi-Pr 320 PUPA L D V NHCy 321 PUPA L D V NHBn 322 PUPA L D V piperidinyl 323 PUPA L D V NHi-Bu 324 PUPA L D V/P NHCy 325 PUPA L D V/P piperidinyl 326 PUPA L D VIP NHBn 327 PUPA L D V/P NHi-Pr 328 PUPA L D V/P NHi-Bu 329 2-MPUPA L D V morpho- lino 330 N-3-(4-hydroxyphenyi) pipecolyl D — NHi-Bu 331 N-3-(4-hydroxyphenyi)-propionyi P D — NHi-Bu 332 3-isoquinolinecarbonyl L (N-3- — OH methyl-2- butyroyl)-N 333 4-methylpentanoyl D — — NHCyM 334 Cbz —CH₂CH₂— (N- V OMe (N of A²) CH₂CH₂—(C of A¹)-D 335 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propionyl —CH₂CH₂— (N- V OMe (N of A²) CH₂CH₂—(C of A¹)-D 336 4-(2-fluorophenylurea)phenylacetyl L D V/P OH 337 2-MPUPA L D V/P/S OH 338 2-MPUPA L D V/P/S/T OH 339 2-MPUPA V L P/D OH 340 2-MPUPA v I p/d OH 341 2-MPUPA L P V/D OH 342 2-MPUPA P D — OH 343 hydrogen p v d/I 2-MPUBA 344 hydrogen v d I 2-MPUBA 345 2-MPUPA L D V OH 346 4-(N-(6-methyl-2- L D V/P OH pyridyl)urea)phenylacetyl 347 4-(N-2- L D V/P OH fluorophenylurea)phenylacetyl 348 4-phenylbutyroyl (N—Me)-L D V NHMe 349 phenylacetyl S D V NHMe 350 phenylacetyl K D V NHMe 351 phenylacetyi L D A (R² = Me) NHMe 352 phenylacetyl L D (O—Bn)—S NHMe 353 2-quinolinecarbonyl L D (O—Bn)—S NHMe 354 Boc L D T NHBu 355 Boc L D V/P OH 356 2-quinolinecarbonyl L D V/P OH 357 4-(N′-2-pyridylurea)phenylacetyl L D V/P NH2 358 2-MPUPA L D*THAM V/P OTHAM 359 2-MPUPA L D*Na V/P ONa 360 2-MPUPA L(I) Het¹ — — 361 2-MPUPA I Het¹ — — 362 2-MPUPA L(I) Het² — — 363 2-MPUPA L(I) Het³ — — 364 2-MPUPA L(I) Het⁴ — — 365 2-MPUPA L(I) Het⁵ — — 366 fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl L D V OH 367 3-methoxyphenylacetyl L D V OH 368 3-(3-methylindolyl)propionyl L D V OH 369 2-phenyl-3-methyl-pyrazol-4- L D V OH ylcarbonyl 370 6-methylbenzpyrimidon-2- L D V OH ylcarbonvl 371 4-oxo-4,5,6,7- L D V OH tetrahydrobenzo[b]furan-3- ylcarbonyl 372 3-(5- L D V OH (phenylacetylenyl)pyridinecarbonyl 373 3-(2-phenylthio)-pyridinecarbonyl L D V OH 374 4-propylbenzoyl L D V OH 375 4-(2-(3-pyridinyl))thiazolecarbonyl L D V OH 376 4-(2-(4-pyridinyl))thiazolecarbonyl L D V OH 377 5-(2-(3-pyridinyl))thiophenesulfonyl L D V OH 378 5-(2-(1-pyrrolyl))pyridinecarbonyl L D V OH 379 N,N-(4-trifluoromethylpyridin- L D V OH yl)methylhydrazinocarbonyl 380 2-quinocalinylaminocarbonyl L D V OH 381 N-(4-trifluoromethylpyridin-2- L D V OH yl)piperazinocarbonyl 382 5-(2-(2- L D V OH trifluoromethyl)phenylsulfonyl)- 1,2,3,4-tetrahyrothiophenesulfonyl 383 1-(4-chlorophenylmethyl)pyrrolidin- L D V OH 2-on-4-yl-carbonyl 384 1-(2-furanylmethy)lpyrrolidin-2-on- L D V OH 4-ylcarbonyl 385 2-(1-pyrrolul)benzoyl L D V OH 386 6-chlorochroman-3-ylcarbonyl L D V OH 387 2,3-dihyfrobenzofuran-5-ylcarbonyl L D V OH 388 4,6-dimethylpyrazolo[1,5-c]triazin-3- ylcarbonyl 389 3,4-benzocyclohexanoyl L D V OH 390 norbornylacetyl 391 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-9- L D V OH acridinylcarbonyl 392 5,6,7,8- L D V OH tetrahydronaphthylaminocarbonyl 393 3-(2-(4-methylthiophenoxy))- L D V OH pyridinecarbonyl 394 2-(6-methoxynaphth-2-yl)propionyl L D V OH 395 (2-naphthyloxy)acetyl L D V OH 396 3-quinuclidinylaminocarbonyl L D V OH 397 2-(1,2,3,4- L D V OH tetrahydroisoquinoline 398 adamantan-2-ylcarbonyl L D V OH 399 (2-pyridyl)acetyl L D V OH 400 6-methylcyclohexen-2-ylcarbonyl L D V OH 401 (3-quinolinyl)acetyl L D V OH 402 4-(2-butyl)phenylaminocarbonyl L D V OH 403 1,4-dihydro-1-ethyl-7-methyl-4-oxo L D V OH 1,8-naphthyridin-3-ylcarbonyl 404 (2-thienyl)acetyl L D V OH 405 4-(2-propyl)benzoyl L D V OH 406 3,4-methylenedoxybenzoyl L D V OH 407 2-(5-(2-pyridyl))thiophenecarbonyl L D V OH 408 N-iminodibenzylcarbonyl L D V OH 409 2-MPUPA P D I NHMe 410 2-MPUPA P D I OMe 411 2-MPUPA P D I OH 412 2-MPUPA —CH₂CH₂— D I OH (N of R¹) 413 2-MPUPA P E — NMe 414 2-MPUPA P E I NMe 415 2-MPUPA P E I OH 416 2-MPUPA P E — OH

where Het¹, Het², Het³, Het⁴, and Het⁵ in Table 1 are defined below:

The more preferred compounds of formula (I) are selected from the group consisting of compound numbers 1, 2, 4, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 206, 315, 316, 317, 337, 338, 345, 346, 347, 357, 358 and 359 as identified in Table 1. Even more preferred compounds of formula (I) are selected from the group consisting of compound numbers 1, 206, 316, 358 and 359 as identified in Table 1. The most preferred compounds of formula (I) are selected from the group consisting of compound numbers 358 and 359 as identified in Table 1.

Other compounds of this invention are compounds of formula II:

K—(Y²)—(Y²)—(Y³)_(n)—J  (II)

and pharmaceutically acceptable derivatives thereof, wherein;

K is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, aliphatic acyl, aroyl, aralkylcarbonyl, heterocycloyl, sulfonyl, aralkylcarbonyl, heterocycloalkylcarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl, aralkyloxycarbonyl, heterocycloalkoxycarbonyl, alkylaminocarbonyl and aralkylaminocarbonyl;

J is selected from the group consisting of alkoxy; aryloxy; aralkyloxy; hydroxyl; amino; alkylamino optionally substituted with hydroxy, aminocarbonyl, N-alkylaminocarbonyl, carboxy or alkoxycarbonyl; dialkylamino; cycloalkylamino; dicycloalkylamino; (alkyl)(aryl)amino; aralkylamino optionally substituted with carboxy; diaralkylamino; arylamino; and (mono- or bis-carboxylic acid)-substituted alkylamine; and

each Y¹, Y², Y³, R¹, A¹, A², A³, R², and n is independently as defined in formula I above.

Compounds of this invention may be synthesized using any conventional technique. Preferably, these compounds are chemically synthesized from readily available starting materials, such as α-amino acids and their functional equivalents. Modular and convergent methods for the synthesis of these compounds are also preferred. In a convergent approach, for example, large sections of the final product are brought together in the last stages of the synthesis, rather than by incremental addition of small pieces to a growing molecular chain.

According to one embodiment, compounds of the present invention may be synthesized in the following manner. A protected amino acid or functional equivalent is coupled to an appropriate activated ester moiety. The coupled product, if suitably functionalized, may be further reacted with yet another activated ester moiety. This material can be further manipulated to give the desired compounds of the invention. At each step of the above sequence, the ester can be hydrolyzed to the corresponding acid to give another compound of the invention. This acid may also be converted to a corresponding acid derivative by standard methods.

Alternatively, the activated ester moieties mentioned above can be attached together first, then the resulting compound can be attached to additional amino acids or their functional group equivalents. At this point the final manipulations and/or necessary deprotection steps can be performed.

In another embodiment, under suitable conditions the desired functionalities can be incorporated (protected or unprotected) in one of the activated ester moieties. That ester is then coupled with an amino acid derivative or a moiety consisting of an amino acid derivative previously coupled to an activated ester. The resulting product can then be subjected to any deprotection steps, if necessary, to give compounds of the invention.

Alternatively, the compounds of this invention may be synthesized using solid support techniques. The core amino acid or their functional equivalent groups are assembled using standard reiterative coupling methodology on a resin. When the desired core is complete, the resulting fragment can be coupled with an activated ester moiety and/or the tethered end of the fragment may be further derivatized to give the desired product. Appropiate protection/deprotection methods may be used at any point during the synthetic sequence.

The compounds of this invention may also be modified by appending appropriate functionalities to enhance selective biological properties. Such modifications are known in the art and include those which increase biological penetration into a given biological system (e.g., blood, lymphatic system, central nervous system), increase oral availability, increase solubility to allow administration by injection, alter metabolism and alter rate of excretion. Examples of these modifications include, but are not limited to, esterification with polyethylene glycols, derivatization with pivolates or fatty acid substituents, conversion to carbamates, hydroxylation of aromatic rings, and heteroatom-substitution in aromatic rings.

As used throughout this application, the term “patient” refers to mammals, including humans. And the term “cell” refers to mammalian cells, including human cells.

Once synthesized, the activities and VLA-4 specificities of the compounds according to this invention may be determined using in vitro and in vivo assays.

For example, the cell adhesion inhibitory activity of these compounds may be measured by determining the concentration of inhibitor required to block the binding of VLA-4-expressing cells to fibronectin- or CS1-coated plates. In this assay microtiter wells are coated with either fibronectin (containing the CS-1 sequence) or CS-1. If CS-1 is used, it must be conjugated to a carrier protein, such as bovine serum albumin, in order to bind to the wells. Once the wells are coated, varying concentrations of the test compound are then added together with appropriately labelled, VLA-4-expressing cells. Alternatively, the test compound may be added first and allowed to incubate with the coated wells prior to the addition of the cells. The cells are allowed to incubate in the wells for at least 30 minutes. Following incubation, the wells are emptied and washed. Inhibition of binding is measured by quantitating the fluorescence or radioactivity bound to the plate for each of the various concentrations of test compound, as well as for controls containing no test compound.

VLA-4-expressing cells that may be utilized in this assay include Ramos cells, Jurkat cells, A375 melanoma cells, as well as human peripheral blood lymophocytes (PBLs). The cells used in this assay may be fluorescently or radioactively labelled.

A direct binding assay may also be employed to quantitate the inhibitory activity of the compounds of this invention. In this assay, a VCAM-IgG fusion protein containing the first two immunoglobulin domains of VCAM (D1D2) attached above the hinge region of an IgG1 molecule (“VCAM 2D-IgG”), is conjugated to a marker enzyme, such as alkaline phosphatase (“AP”). The synthesis of this VCAM-IgG fusion is described in PCT publication WO 90/13300, the disclosure of which is herein incorporated by reference. The conjugation of that fusion to a marker enzyme is achieved by cross-linking methods well-known in the art.

The VCAM-IgG enzyme conjugate is then placed in the wells of a multi-well filtration plate, such as that contained in the Millipore Multiscreen Assay System (Millipore Corp., Bedford, Mass.). Varying concentrations of the test inhibitory compound are then added to the wells followed by addition of VLA-4-expressing cells. The cells, compound and VCAM-IgG enzyme conjugate are mixed together and allowed to incubate at room temperature.

Following incubation, the wells are vacuum drained, leaving behind the cells and any bound VCAM. Quantitation of bound VCAM is determined by adding an appropriate colorimetric substrate for the enzyme conjugated to VCAM-IgG and determining the amount of reaction product. Decreased reaction product indicates increased binding inhibitory activity.

In order to assess the VLA-4 inhibitory specificity of the compounds of this invention, assays for other major groups of integrins, i.e., β2 and β3, as well as other β1 integrins, such as VLA-5, VLA-6 and α4β7 are performed. These assays may be similar to the adhesion inhibition and direct binding assays described above, substituting the appropriate integrin-expressing cell and corresponding ligand. For example, polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs) express β2 integrins on their surface and bind to ICAM. β3 integrins are involved in platelet aggregation and inhibition may be measured in a standard platelet aggregation assay. VLA-5 binds specifically to Arg-Gly-Asp sequences, while VLA-6 binds to laminin. α4β7 is a recently discovered homologue of VLA-4, which also binds fibronectin and VCAM. Specificity with respect to α4β7 is determined in a binding assay that utilizes the above-described VCAM-IgG-enzyme marker conjugate and a cell line that expresses α4β7, but not VLA-4, such as RPMI-8866 cells.

Once VLA-4-specific inhibitors are identified, they may be further characterized in in vivo assays. One such assay tests the inhibition of contact hypersensitivity in an animal, such as described by P. L. Chisholm et al., “Monoclonal Antibodies to the Integrin α-4 Subunit Inhibit the Murine Contact Hypersensitivity Response”, Eur. J. Immunol., 23, pp. 682-688 (1993) and in “Current Protocols in Immunology”, J. E. Coligan, et al., Eds., John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1, pp. 4.2.1-4.2.5 (1991), the disclosures of which is herein incorporated by reference. In this assay, the skin of the animal is sensitized by exposure to an irritant, such as dinitrofluorobenzene, followed by light physical irritation, such as scratching the skin lightly with a sharp edge. Following a recovery period, the animals are re-sensitized following the same procedure. Several days after sensitization, one ear of the animal is exposed to the chemical irritant, while the other ear is treated with a non-irritant control solution. Shortly after treating the ears, the animals are given various doses of the VLA-4 inhibitor by subcutaneous injection. In vivo inhibition of cell adhesion-associated inflammation is assessed by measuring the ear swelling response of the animal in the treated versus untreated ear. Swelling is measured using calipers or other suitable instrument to measure ear thickness. In this manner, one may identify those inhibitors of this invention which are best suited for inhibiting inflammation.

Another in vivo assay that may be employed to test the inhibitors of this invention is the sheep asthma assay. This assay is performed essentially as described in W. M. Abraham et al., “α-Integrins Mediate Antigen-induced Late Bronchial Responses and Prolonged Airway Hyperresponsiveness in Sheep”, J. Clin. Invest., 93, pp. 776-87 (1994), the disclosure of which is herein incorporated by reference. This assay measures inhibition of Ascaris antigen-induced late phase airway responses and airway hyperresponsiveness in asthmatic sheep.

The compounds of the present invention may be used in the form of pharmaceutically acceptable salts derived from inorganic or organic acids and bases. Included among such acid salts are the following: acetate, adipate, alginate, aspartate, benzoate, benzenesulfonate, bisulfate, butyrate, citrate, camphorate, camphorsulfonate, cyclopentanepropionate, digluconate, dodecylsulfate, ethanesulfonate, fumarate, glucoheptanoate, glycerophosphate, hemisulfate, heptanoate, hexanoate, hydrochloride, hydrobromide, hydroiodide, 2-hydroxyethanesulfonate, lactate, maleate, methanesulfonate, 2-naphthalenesulfonate, nicotinate, oxalate, pamoate, pectinate, persulfate, 3-phenylpropionate, picrate, pivalate, propionate, succinate, tartrate, thiocyanate, tosylate and undecanoate. Base salts include ammonium salts, alkali metal salts, such as sodium and potassium salts, alkaline earth metal salts, such as calcium and magnesium salts, salts with organic bases, such as dicyclohexylamine salts, N-methyl-D-glucamine, tris(hydroxymethyl)methylamine and salts with amino acids such as arginine, lysine, and so forth. Also, the basic nitrogen-containing groups can be quaternized with such agents as lower alkyl halides, such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, and butyl chloride, bromides and iodides; dialkyl sulfates, such as dimethyl, diethyl, dibutyl and diamyl sulfates, long chain halides such as decyl, lauryl, myristyl and stearyl chlorides, bromides and iodides, aralkyl halides, such as benzyl and phenethyl bromides and others. Water or oil-soluble or dispersible products are thereby obtained.

The compounds of the present invention may be formulated into pharmaceutical compositions that may be administered orally, parenterally, by inhalation spray, topically, rectally, nasally, buccally, vaginally or via an implanted reservoir. The term “parenteral” as used herein includes subcutaneous, intravenous, intramuscular, intra-articular, intra-synovial, intrasternal, intrathecal, intrahepatic, intralesional and intracranial injection or infusion techniques.

The pharmaceutical compositions of this invention comprise any of the compounds of the present invention, or pharmaceutically acceptable derivatives thereof, together with any pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. The term “carrier” as used herein includes acceptable adjuvants and vehicles. Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers that may be used in the pharmaceutical compositions of this invention include, but are not limited to, ion exchangers, alumina, aluminum stearate, lecithin, serum proteins, such as human serum albumin, buffer substances such as phosphates, glycine, sorbic acid, potassium sorbate, partial glyceride mixtures of saturated vegetable fatty acids, water, salts or electrolytes, such as protamine sulfate, disodium hydrogen phosphate, potassium hydrogen phosphate, sodium chloride, zinc salts, colloidal silica, magnesium trisilicate, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, cellulose-based substances, polyethylene glycol, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, polyacrylates, waxes, polyethylene-polyoxypropylene-block polymers, polyethylene glycol and wool fat.

According to this invention, the pharmaceutical compositions may be in the form of a sterile injectable preparation, for example a sterile injectable aqueous or oleaginous suspension. This suspension may be formulated according to techniques known in the art using suitable dispersing or wetting agents and suspending agents. The sterile injectable preparation may also be a sterile injectable solution or suspension in a non-toxic parenterally-acceptable diluent or solvent, for example as a solution in 1,3-butanediol. Among the acceptable vehicles and solvents that may be employed are water, Ringer's solution and isotonic sodium chloride solution. In addition, sterile, fixed oils are conventionally employed as a solvent or suspending medium. For this purpose, any bland fixed oil may be employed including synthetic mono- or di-glycerides. Fatty acids, such as oleic acid and its glyceride derivatives are useful in the preparation of injectables, as do natural pharmaceutically-acceptable oils, such as olive oil or castor oil, especially in their polyoxyethylated versions. These oil solutions or suspensions may also contain a long-chain alcohol diluent or dispersant, such as Ph. Helv or similar alcohol.

The pharmaceutical compositions of this invention may be orally administered in any orally acceptable dosage form including, but not limited to, capsules, tablets, aqueous suspensions or solutions. In the case of tablets for oral use, carriers which are commonly used include lactose and corn starch. Lubricating agents, such as magnesium stearate, are also typically added. For oral administration in a capsule form, useful diluents include lactose and dried corn starch. When aqueous suspensions are required for oral use, the active ingredient is combined with emulsifying and suspending agents. If desired, certain sweetening, flavoring or coloring agents may also be added.

Alternatively, the pharmaceutical compositions of this invention may be administered in the form of suppositories for rectal administration. These can be prepared by mixing the agent with a suitable non-irritating excipient which is solid at room temperature but liquid at the rectal temperature and therefore will melt in the rectum to release the drug. Such materials include cocoa butter, beeswax and polyethylene glycols.

The pharmaceutical compositions of this invention may also be administered topically, especially when the target of treatment includes areas or organs readily accessible by topical application, including diseases of the eye, the skin, or the lower intestinal tract. Suitable topical formulations are readily prepared for each of these areas or organs.

Topical application for the lower intestinal tract can be effected in a rectal suppository formulation (see above) or in a suitable enema formulation. Topically-transdermal patches may also be used.

For topical applications, the pharmaceutical compositions may be formulated in a suitable ointment containing the active component suspended or dissolved in one or more carriers. Carriers for topical administration of the compounds of this invention include, but are not limited to, mineral oil, liquid petrolatum, white petrolatum, propylene glycol, polyoxyethylene, polyoxypropylene compound, emulsifying wax and water. Alternatively, the pharmaceutical compositions can be formulated in a suitable lotion or cream containing the active components suspended or dissolved in one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers. Suitable carriers include, but are not limited to, mineral oil, sorbitan monostearate, polysorbate 60, cetyl esters wax, cetearyl alcohol, 2-octyldodecanol, benzyl alcohol and water.

For ophthalmic use, the pharmaceutical compositions may be formulated as micronized suspensions in isotonic, pH adjusted sterile saline, or, preferably, as solutions in isotonic, pH adjusted sterile saline, either with our without a preservative such as benzylalkonium chloride. Alternatively, for ophthalmic uses, the pharmaceutical compositions may be formulated in an ointment such as petrolatum.

The pharmaceutical compositions of this invention may also be administered by nasal aerosol or inhalation through the use of a nebulizer, a dry powder inhaler or a metered dose inhaler. Such compositions are prepared according to techniques well-known in the art of pharmaceutical formulation and may be prepared as solutions in saline, employing benzyl alcohol or other suitable preservatives, absorption promoters to enhance bioavailability, fluorocarbons, and/or other conventional solubilizing or dispersing agents.

The amount of active ingredient that may be combined with the carrier materials to produce a single dosage form will vary depending upon the host treated, and the particular mode of administration. It should be understood, however, that a specific dosage and treatment regimen for any particular patient will depend upon a variety of factors, including the activity of the specific compound employed, the age, body weight, general health, sex, diet, time of administration, rate of excretion, drug combination, and the judgment of the treating physician and the severity of the particular disease being treated. The amount of active ingredient may also depend upon the therapeutic or prophylactic agent, if any, with which the ingredient is co-administered.

The dosage and dose rate of the compounds of this invention effective to prevent, suppress or inhibit cell adhesion will depend on a variety of factors, such as the nature of the inhibitor, the size of the patient, the goal of the treatment, the nature of the pathology to be treated, the specific pharmaceutical composition used, and the judgment of the treating physician. Dosage levels of between about 0.001 and about 100 mg/kg body weight per day, preferably between about 0.1 and about 10 mg/kg body weight per day of the active ingredient compound are useful.

According to another embodiment compositions containing a compound of this invention may also comprise an additional agent selected from the group consisting of corticosteroids, bronchodilators, antiasthmatics (mast cell stabilizers), antiinflammatories, antirheumatics, immunosuppressants, antimetabolites, immunonodulators, antipsoriatics and antidiabetics. Specific compounds within each of these classes may be selected from any of those listed under the appropriate group headings in “Comprehensive Medicinal Chemistry”, Pergamon Press, Oxford, England, pp. 970-986 (1990), the disclosure of which is herein incorporated by reference. Also included within this group are compounds such as theophylline, sulfasalazine and aminosalicylates (antiinflammatories); cyclosporin, FK-506, and rapamycin (immunosuppressants); cyclophosphamide and methotrexate (antimetabolites); and interferons (immunomodulators).

According to other embodiments, the invention provides methods for preventing, inhibiting or suppressing cell adhesion-associated inflammation and cell adhesion-associated immune or autoimmune responses. VLA4-associated cell adhesion plays a central role in a variety of inflammation, immune and autoimmune diseases. Thus, inhibition of cell adhesion by the compounds of this invention may be utilized in methods of treating or preventing inflammatory, immune and autoimmune diseases. Preferably the diseases to be treated with the methods of this invention are selected from asthma, arthritis, psoriasis, transplantation rejection, multiple sclerosis, diabetes and inflammatory bowel disease.

These methods may employ the compounds of this invention in a monotherapy or in combination with an anti-inflammatory or immunosuppressive agent. Such combination therapies include administration of the agents in a single dosage form or in multiple dosage forms administered at the same time or at different times.

In order that this invention may be more fully understood, the following examples are set forth. These examples are for the purpose of illustration only and are not to be construed as limiting the scope of the invention in any way.

EXAMPLES General Procedures for Amide Bond Formation in Solution

PROCEDURE A: coupling with EDC/HOBt

A solution of carboxylic acid (1.2 eq.) in DMF at 0° C. was treated with HOBT (1.8 eq.) and EDC (1.4 eq.). The mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 1 to 2 h and then the free amine (1.0 eq., neutralized with TEA or DIPEA) was added. After stirring at RT for more than 3 h, the reaction mixture was diluted with ethyl acetate, washed with water (1×), 5% aqueous citric acid (2×), sat. NaHCO₃ (2×), and brine (1×), dried (Na₂SO₄ or MgSO₄), and concentrated in vacuo.

PROCEDURE B: coupling using activated ester (N-hydroxysuccinate or chloride)

A solution of free amine (1-1.2 eq.,neutralized with TEA or DIPEA) in CH₂Cl₂ was treated with activated ester or acyl halide (1 eq.) at 0° C. or RT. After stirring at RT for over 1 h, the reaction mixture was washed with 5% aqueous citric acid (2×), sat. NaHCO₃ (2×), and brine (1×), dried (Na₂SO₄ or MgSO₄), and concentrated in vacuo.

General Procedure for Urea Formation in Solution

PROCEDURE C: formation of urea with isocyanate and amine.

A solution of amine (1 eq.) and TEA (1 eq.) in CH₂Cl₂ was treated with an isocyanate (1 eq.) and was stirred at RT for over 0.5 h. After concentration in vacuo, the product was either used as is or purified by chromatography.

General Procedures for Deprotection in Solution

PROCEDURE D: removal of BOC with TFA

A solution of tBuOC(O)NH—R (where R is alkyl optionally substituted with any number of suitable functional groups) in CH₂Cl₂ at 0° C. was treated with trifluoroacetic acid. The reaction was allowed to warm to RT and stirred for 1 to 2 h. After concentration in vacuo the resulting amine/TFA salt was stored and neutralized with TEA or DIPEA prior to use.

PROCEDURE E: removal of BOC with HCl

A solution of tBuOC(O)NH—R (where R is alkyl optionally substituted with any number of suitable functional groups) in dioxane at 0° C. was treated with 4N HCl in dioxane. The reaction was allowed to warm to RT and stirred for 1 to 2 h. After concentration in vacuo the resulting amine/HCl salt was stored and neutralized with TEA or DIPEA prior to use.

PROCEDURE F: hydrogenation

A mixture of starting material and 10% Pd/C in methanol, water, ethyl acetate, and/or DMF was vigorously stirred under hydrogen (40 to 50 psi) for more than 2 h at RT. The resulting mixture was filtered through a plug of Celite and the filtrate concentrated in vacuo.

General Procedures for Amide Bond Formation on Solid Support

PROCEDURE G: coupling with DCC/HOBt

A mixture of resin (see below for preparation of resin MCB1), tBuOC(O)NH—AA_(x)—CO₂H (where AA is an amino acid or functional equivalent) or R₂—CO₂H (10 eq.), HOBt (10 eq.), DCC (10 eq) and N-methylmorpholine (3 eq) in NMP was shaken for over 0.5 h at RT. The resin was then washed with NMP (2×) and CH₂Cl₂ (3×).

PROCEDURE H: displacement from resin with amine

A mixture of resin and amine (xs) in DMF was shaken for 6 h at RT. The resin was then washed with methanol (3×) and the combined solutions concentrated in vacuo.

General Procedures for Deprotection on Solid Support

PROCEDURE I: removal of BOC with TFA/CH₂Cl₂

A mixture of resin and 50% TFA/CH₂Cl₂ was shaken for over 0.5 h at RT. The resin was then washed with CH₂Cl₂ (2×), isopropanol (1×), and CH₂Cl₂ (3×).

PROCEDURE J: HF with scavengers

The protected product was treated with HF at −10 to 0° C. for over 1.5 h in the presence of anisole or thioanisole as scavenger. The HF was removed with a stream of N₂ at 0° C.

Example 1 Synthesis of Common Intermediates

Succinimidyl 3-Isoquinolinecarboxylate (iOn-OSu):

A solution of 3-isoquinolinecarboxylic acid (1.2 eq.) in DMF at 0° C. was treated with EDC (1.4 eq.). The mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 1 to 2 h and then N-hydroxysuccinimide (1.0 eq.) was added. After stirring at RT for more than 3 h, the reaction mixture was poured into 60% sat. NaHCO₃ and the product filtered: ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz, ppm) 9.35 (s, 1H), 8.67 (s, 1H), 8.09 (m, 1H), 7.96 (m, 1H), 7.82 (m, 2H), 2.94 (s, 4H).

Succinimidyl 2-Quinolinecarboxylate (On-OSu):

A solution of 2-quinoline carboxylic acid (1.2 eq.) in DMF at 0° C. was treated with EDC (1.4 eq.). The mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 1 to 2 h and then N-hydroxysuccinimide (1.0 eq.) was added. After stirring at RT for more than 3 h, the reaction mixture was poured into 60% sat. NaHCO₃ and the product filtered: ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz, ppm) 8.35 (d, 1H), 8.27 (d, 1H), 8.19 (d, 1H), 7.87 (d, 1H), 7.80 (m, 1H), 7.68 (m, 1H), 2.91 (s, 4H).

Methyl 4-Isocyanatophenylacetate (KC1):

A well-stirred cold solution of methyl p-aminophenylacetate (9.8 g, 59.4 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (200 mL) and TEA (25 mL, 18 g, 178.2 mmol) was treated with COCl₂ (96 mL of 1.9 M solution in toluene) over 1 h. The reaction mixture was stirred at 0° C. for an additional 1 h. The reaction mixture was concentrated and 3:1 ether/pet ether (125 mL) was added. The mixture was filtered and the filtrate concentrated to give KC1 as a brown liquid. The crude product was purified by distillation (118-120° C./10 mm) to afford pure KC1 (8.5 g, 75%) as a colorless liquid: ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz, ppm) 7.20 (d, J=8.4 Hz), 7.02 (d, J=8.4 Hz), 3.69 (s, 3H), 3.48 (s, 2H).

4-Phenylureidophenylacetic acid:

4-Phenylureidophenylacetic acid was prepared using procedure C with 4-amino-phenylacetic acid and phenyl isocyanate: ¹H NMR (CD₃SOCD₃, 300 MHz, ppm) 8.72-8.64 (m, 2H), 7.44 (d, 2H), 7.36 (d, 2H), 7.28 (d, 2H), 7.16 (d, 2H), 6.96 (t, 1H), 3.52 (s, 2H); m/z 272.

4-o-Tolylureidophenylacetic acid:

4-o-Tolylureidophenylacetic acid was prepared using procedure C with 4-amino-phenylacetic acid and o-tolyl isocyanate: ¹H NMR (CD₃SOCD₃, 300 MHz, ppm) 8.97 (s, 1H), 7.88 (s, 1H), 7.83 (d, 1H), 7.38 (d, 2H), 7.17-7.09 (m, 4H), 6.92 (t, 1H), 3.48 (s, 2H), 2.23 (s, 3H); m/z 285.

4-(2-Fluorophenyl)ureidophenylacetic acid:

4-(2-Fluorophenyl)ureidophenylacetic acid was prepared using procedure C with 2-fluoroaniline and KC1: ¹H NMR (CD₃SOCD₃, 300 MHz, ppm) 9.00 (s, 1H),8.51 (d, 2.4 Hz, 1H), 8.14 (dd, 8.3 Hz, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 7.37 (d, 8.5 Hz, 2H), 7.07-7.25 (m, 4H), 6.99 (m, 1H), 3.48 (s, 2H).

4-(2-Hydroxyphenylureido)phenylacetic acid:

4-(2-Hydroxyphenylureido)phenylacetic acid was prepared using procedure C with 2-hydroxyaniline and KC1: ¹H NMR (CD₃SOCD₃, 300 MHz, ppm) 9.90 (s, 1H),9.25 (s, 1H), 8.12 (s, 1H), 8.02 (bd, 1H), 7.37 (d, 2H), 7.13 (d, 2H), 6.70-6.97 (m, 3H), 3.48 (s, 2H).

N-Succinimidyl 4-(2-(3-methylpyridylureido)phenylacetate:

Prepared in three steps as follows:

Procedure C with 2-amino-3-methylpyridine and KC1 to give methyl 4-(2-(3-methylpyridylureido)phenylacetate.

A solution of methyl 4-(2-(3-methylpyridylureido)phenylacetate (1 eq.) in methanol was treated with 1 N NaOH (2 eq.). The reaction was stirred for 16 h, then acidified carefully with 1 N HCl to pH 7 then with acetic acid to pH 3. The product was filtered and washed with methanol then ether to give 4-(2-(3-methylpyridylureido)phenylacetic acid: ¹H NMR (CD₃SOCD₃, 300 MHz, ppm) 11.97 (s, 1H), 8.64 (brs, 1H), 8.31 (s, 1H), 7.69 (m, 1H), 7.62 (d, 8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.33 (d, 8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.09 (m, 1H), 3.62 (s, 2H), 2.38 (s, 3H); m/z 286.

A solution of 4-(2-(3-methylpyridylureido)phenylacetic acid (1 eq.), N-hydroxysuccinimide (1.2 eq.) and EDC (1.2 eq.) in DMF was made basic (pH 10) with TEA. After stirring at RT for over 12 h, the reaction was poured into 60% sat. NaHCO₃ and the product filtered: ¹H NMR (CD₃SOCD₃, 300 MHz, ppm) 12.04 (s, 1H), 8.84 (s, 1H), 8.31 (s, 1H), 7.72 (m, 3H), 7.42 (m, 2H), 7.10 (m, 1H), 4.18 (s, 2H), 2.98 (3, 4H), 2.38 (s, 3H); m/z 383.

N-Succinimidyl 4-(2-pyridylureido)phenylacetate:

Prepared in three steps as follows:

Procedure C with 2-aminopyridine and KC1 to give methyl 4-(2-pyridylureido)phenylacetate: ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz, ppm) 8.20 (s, 2H), 7.62-7.51 (m, 3H), 7.33 (d, 2H), 7.01 (d, 2H), 6.89-6.85 (m, 1H), 3.70 (s, 3H), 3.59 (s, 2H).

A solution of methyl 4-(2-pyridylureido)phenylacetate (5.7 g, 20.0 mmol) in methanol (20 mL) was treated with 1 N NaOH (40 mL). The reaction was stirred for 16 h, then acidified carefully with 1 N HCl to pH 7 then with acetic acid to pH 3. The product was filtered and washed with methanol then ether to give 4-(2-pyridyl)ureidophenylacetic acid (4.7 g, 87%) as a white powder: ¹H NMR (CD₃SOCD₃, 300 MHz, ppm) 10.62 (bs, 1H), 9.53 (bs, 1H), 8.39 (d, 1H), 7.82 (t, 1H), 7.63-7.55 (m, 1H), 7.33-7.27 (d, 2H), 7.14-7.08 (m, 1H), 3.62 (s, 3H).

A solution of 4-(2-pyridyl)ureidophenylacetic acid (1 eq.), N-hydroxysuccinimide (1.2 eq.) and EDC (1.2 eq.) in DMF was made basic (pH 10) with TEA. After stirring at RT for over 12 h, the reaction was poured into 60% sat. NaHCO₃ and the product filtered: ¹H NMR (CD₃SOCD₃, 300 MHz, ppm) 10.08 (s, 1H), 9.57 (s, 1H), 8.39 (m, 1H), 7.86 (m, 1H), 7.62 (m, 3H), 7.38 (d, 2H), 7.12 (m, 1H), 4.15 (s, 2H), 2.91 (s, 4H); m/z 369.

3-Methoxy-4-phenylureidophenylacetic acid:

Prepared in six steps from 3-methoxy-4-nitrobenzoic acid as follows:

A mixture of 3-methoxy-4-nitrobenzoic acid (2.01 g, 10.2 mmol) and thionyl chloride (2.3 mL, 31.5 mmol) was stirred at 80-90° C. for 1.5 h. The reaction was concentrated and the residue diluted with ether. The organic solution was washed with sat. aq. NaHCO₃ (2×), H₂O, then sat. aq. NaCl, dried (MgSO₄) and concentrated to afford 3-methoxy-4-nitrobenzoyl chloride (1.92 g, 87%) as a white solid: ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz, ppm) 7.95-7.70 (m, 3H), 4.06 (s, 3H).

A cold (0° C.) solution of TMSCHN₂ (2 M in hexane, 1.5 mL, 3.0 mmol) and triethylamine (420 μL, 3.0 mmol) was treated with a solution of 3-methoxy-4-nitrobenzoyl chloride (0.52 g, 2.4 mmol) in acetonitrile (8.5 mL). The reaction was stirred at 0° C. for 24 h and then concentrated. The residue was slurried with sat. aq. NaHCO₃ and the mixture extracted with ether (3×). The combined ether washes were washed with water, then sat. aq. NaCl, dried (MgSO₄) and concentrated to afford ω-diazo-3-methoxy-4-nitroacetophenone (0.53 g, 100%) as a yellow foam: ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz, ppm) 7.88 (d, 10 Hz, 1H), 7.61 (s, 1H), 7.27 (d, 10 Hz, 1H), 5.97 (s, 1H), 4.02 (s, 3H).

A refluxing solution of ω-diazo-3-methoxy-4-nitroacetophenone (7.95 g, 35.9 mmol) in t-BuOH (100 mL) was treated with a filtered solution of silver benzoate (2.50 g, 10.9 mmol) in triethylamine (15 mL) dropwise over 1 h. After refluxing for 45 min, decolorizing carbon was added and the hot mixture filtered through a pad of Celite. The filtrate was concentrated and the residue diluted with ethyl acetate. The organic solution was washed with 5% aq. NaHCO₃ (2×), H₂O, 5% aq. citric acid, H₂O, then sat. aq. NaCl, dried (MgSO₄) and concentrated to afford t-butyl 3-methoxy-4-nitrophenylacetate (8.92 g, 93%) as a brown oil: ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz, ppm) 7.83 (d, 8.3 Hz, 1H), 7.03 (s, 1H), 6.93 (d, 8.3 Hz, 1H), 3.97 (s, 3H), 3.58 (s, 2H), 1.45 (s, 9H).

A mixture of t-butyl 3-methoxy-4-nitrophenylacetate (0.144 g, 0.539 mmol) and 10% Pd on carbon (0.155 g) in ethyl acetate (8 mL) and methanol (2 mL) was stirred under H₂ (40-60 psi) for 2 h. The mixture was filtered through Celite and the filtrate concentrated to afford t-butyl 4-amino-3-methoxyphenylacetate (0.123 g, 96%) as a light yellow oil: ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz, ppm) 6.70 (m, 3H), 4.04 (bs, 2H), 3.84 (s, 3H), 3.42 (s, 2H), 1.43 (s, 9H).

Procedure C with t-butyl 4-amino-3-methoxyphenylacetate and phenyl isocyanate gave t-butyl 3-methoxy-4-phenylureidophenylacetate: ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz, ppm) 8.00 (d, 11 Hz, 1H) 7.65-6.94 (m, 7H), 6.80 (d, 9.0 Hz, 1H), 6.74 (s, 1H), 3.68 (s, 3H), 3.45 (s, 2H), 1.44 (s, 9H).

A solution of t-butyl 3-methoxy-4-phenylureidophenylacetate (0.108 g, 0.303 mmol) in trifluoroacetic acid (5.0 mL) was stirred for 30 min. The reaction was concentrated and the residue coevaporated with methylene chloride (2×) then ether to afford 3-methoxy-4-phenylureidophenylacetic acid (0.090 g, 99%) as a white foam: ¹H NMR (CD₃SOCD₃, 300 MHz, ppm) 9.28 (s,1H), 8.18 (s, 1H), 8.02 (d, 7.5 Hz, 1H), 7.58-7.15 (m, 5H), 6.91 (bm, 2H), 6.77 (d, 7.5 Hz, 1H), 3.85 (s, 3H), 3.49 (s, 2H).

N-Succinimidyl 3-methoxy-4-phenylureidophenylacetate:

A solution of 3-methoxy-4-phenylureidophenylacetic acid (1 eq.) in DMF at 0° C. was treated with EDC (1.1 eq.). The mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 1 to 2 h and then N-hydroxysuccinimide (1.1 eq.) was added. After stirring at RT for more than 3 h, the reaction mixture was poured into 60% sat. NaHCO₃ and the N-succinimidyl 3-methoxy-4-phenylureidophenylacetate filtered.

N-Succinimidyl 6-(2-methoxy-3-o-tolylureido)pyridylacetate:

Prepared in six steps from 2,6-dichloro-3-nitropyridine as follows:

A slurry of 2,6-dichloro-3-nitropyridine (92%, 9.9 g, 47 mmol) and K₂CO₃ powder (6.5 g, 47 mmol) in methanol (100 mL) was stirred for a week at RT. The reaction was filtered and concentrated. The residue was partitioned in ethyl acetate and 60% sat. aq. NaHCO₃. The organic solution was washed with 60% sat. aq. NaHCO₃ (2×), H₂O, then sat. aq. NaCl, dried (MgSO₄) and concentrated to afford 2-chloro-6-methoxy-5-nitropyridine and 2-chloro-6-methoxy-3-nitropyridine (8.9 g, 100%) as a light yellow solid: ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz, ppm) 8.31 (d, 8.3 Hz, 1H), 8.28 (d, 8.9 Hz, 1H), 7.10 (d, 8.3 Hz, 1H), 6.82 (d, 8.9 Hz, 1H), 4.15 (s, 3H), 4.06 (s, 3H).

A mixture of 2-chloro-6-methoxy-5-nitropyridine and 2-chloro-6-methoxy-3-nitropyridine (8.9 g, 47 mmol), t-butyl methyl malonate (10 mL, 60 mmol), and NaH (95%, 3.1 g, 120 mmol) in THF (250 mL) was stirred at RT for 24 h. The reaction was concentrated and the residue treated with trifluoroacetic acid (200 mL) for 2 h. The reaction was concentrated and the product separated by flash chromatography (silica gel, 95:5 hexane-ethyl acetate) to afford methyl 6-(2-methoxy-3-nitro)pyridylacetate (3.3 g, 62%) as a yellow oil: ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz, ppm) 8.27 (d, 8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.04 (d, 8.0 Hz, 1H), 4.09 (s, 3H), 3.85 (s, 2H), 3.75 (s, 3H).

A mixture of methyl 6-(2-methoxy-3-nitro)pyridylacetate (0.047 g, 0.21 mmol) and 10% Pd on carbon (0.063 g) in ethyl acetate (2 mL) and ethanol (1 mL) was stirred under H₂ (40-50 psi) for 6 h. The mixture was filtered through Celite and the filtrate concentrated to afford methyl 6-(2-methoxy-3-amino)pyridylacetate (0.041 g, 100%) as a light yellow oil: ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz, ppm) 6.82 (d, 7.6 Hz, 1H), 6.65 (d, 7.6 Hz, 1H), 3.94 (s, 3H), 3.70 (s, 3H), 3.65 (s, 2H).

Procedure C with methyl 6-(2-methoxy-3-amino)pyridylacetate and o-tolyl isocyanate to give methyl 6-(2-methoxy-3-o-tolylureido)pyridylacetate: ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz, ppm) 8.33 (d, 7.9 Hz, 1H), 7.51 (d, 7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.41 (s, 1H), 7.17 (m, 2H), 7.08 (m, 2H), 6.77 (d, 7.9 Hz, 1H), 3.81 (s, 3H) , 3.71 (s, 3H) , 3.67 (s, 2H), 2.20 (s, 3H).

A solution of methyl 6-(2-methoxy-3-o-tolylureido)pyridylacetate (0.023 g, 0.070 mmol) in methanol (1.0 mL) was treated with 2 M LiOH (90 μL, 0.18 mmol). The reaction was stirred for 18 h, diluted with H₂O (5.0 mL) and washed with ether (2×). The aqueous solution was then acidified with 5% aq. citric acid. The product was filtered and washed with H₂O then ether to give 6-(2-methoxy-3-o-tolylureido)pyridylacetic acid (0.014 g, 64%) as a white solid: ¹H NMR (CD₃OD, 300 MHz, ppm) 8.50-8.25 (m, 3H), 7.60 (bd, 1H), 7.28-7.00 (m, 3H), 4.01 (s, 3H), 3.69 (s, 2H), 2.30 (s, 3H); MS, m/z 316.

A solution of 6-(2-methoxy-3-o-tolylureido)pyridylacetic acid (1.61 g, 5.10 mmol) in DMF at 0° C. was treated with EDC (1.00 g, 5.2 mmol). The mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 1 to 2 h and then N-hydroxysuccinimide (0.60 g, 5.2 mmol) was added. After stirring at RT for more than 3 h, the reaction mixture was poured into 60% sat. NaHCO₃ and the N-succinimidyl 6-(2-methoxy-3-o-tolylureido) pyridylacetate filtered.

H-LD (OBn)V—NHCH₃:

H-LD(OBn)V—NHCH₃ was prepared by sequentially using procedure B with BOC-Val-OSu and methylamine, procedure D, procedure B with BOC-Asp(OBn)-OSu, procedure D, procedure B with BOC-Leu-OSu, then procedure D.

H-LD(OBn)V—OCH₃:

H-LD(OBn)V—OCH₃ was prepared by sequentially using procedure B with BOC-Asp(OBn)-OSu and H-Val-OMe, procedure D, procedure B with BOC-Leu-OSu, then procedure D.

H-LD(OBn)V-OBn:

H-LD(OBn)V-OBn was prepared by sequentially using procedure B with BOC-Asp(OBn)-OSu and H-Val-OBn, procedure D, procedure B with BOC-Leu-OSu, then procedure D.

H-LD (OBn)VP-OBn:

H-LD(OBn)VP-OBn was prepared by sequentially using procedure B with BOC-Val-OSu and H-Pro-OBn, procedure D, procedure B with BOC-Asp(OBn)-OSu, procedure D, procedure B with BOC-Leu-OSu, then procedure D.

H-LD(OBn)VP-OMe:

H-LD(OBn)VP-OMe was prepared by sequentially using procedure A with BOC-Val-OH and H-Pro-OMe, procedure D, procedure B with BOC-Asp(OBn)-OSu, procedure D, procedure B with BOC-Leu-OSu, then procedure D.

H-LDVP—OH:

H-LDVP—OH was prepared by sequentially using procedure B with BOC-Val-OSu and H-Pro-OBn, procedure D, procedure B with BOC-Asp(OBn)-OSu, procedure D, procedure B with BOC-Leu-OSu, procedure F, then procedure D.

H-MD(OBn)VP-OBn:

H-MD(OBn)VP-OBn was prepared by sequentially using procedure B with BOC-Val-OSu and H-Pro-OBn, procedure D, procedure B with BOC-Asp(OBn)-OSu, procedure D, procedure B with BOC-Met-OSu, then procedure D.

H-LD (OBn) VP—NH₂:

H-LD(OBn)VP—NH₂ was prepared by sequentially using procedure B with BOC-Val-OSu and H-Pro—NH₂, procedure D, procedure B with BOC-Asp(OBn)-OSu, procedure D, procedure B with BOC-Leu-OSu, then procedure D.

Resin (MBC1):

Modified resin MBC1 (0.437 mmol/g) was synthesized according to the literature procedure (see: Richter, L. S., et al., Tetrahedron Lett. 35, p. 5547 (1994)). MBC1 was treated with 50% TFA/CH₂Cl₂ and triethylsilane for 2 h at RT then washed with CH₂Cl₂ (2×), isopropanol (1×), and CH₂Cl₂ (3×) before use.

MBC2:

MBC2 was prepared by sequentially using procedure G with BOC-Asp(OBn)—OH, procedure I, procedure G with BOC-Leu-OH, procedure I, then procedure G with 4-phenylureidophenylacetic acid.

MBC 3:

MBC3 was prepared by sequentially using procedure G with BOC-Val-OH, procedure I, procedure G with BOC-Asp(OBn)-OH, procedure I, procedure G with BOC-Leu-OH, procedure I, then procedure G with 4-phenylureidophenylacetic acid.

MBC4:

MBC4 was prepared by sequentially using procedure G with BOC-Pro-OH, procedure I, Procedure G with BOC-Val-OH, procedure I, procedure G with BOC-Asp(OBn)—OH, procedure I, procedure G with BOC-Leu-OH, procedure I, then procedure G with 4-phenylureidophenylacetic acid.

Example 2

Compound 77:

Compound 77 was prepared by using procedure A with picolinic acid and H-LD(OBn)V-OBn then procedure F. Purification by HPLC gave the title compound: m/z 451.

Example 3

Compound 64:

Compound 64 was prepared by using procedure A with hydrocinnamic acid and H-LD(OBn)V-OBn then procedure F. Purification by HPLC gave the title compound: m/z 478.

Example 4

Compound 155:

Compound 155 was prepared by using procedure B with chloro 4-phenylbutyrate and H-LD(OBn)V-OBn then procedure F. Purification by HPLC gave the title compound: m/z 492.

Example 5

Compound 157:

Compound 157 was prepared by using procedure B with BOC-Asp(OBn)-OSu and isobutylamine, procedure D, procedure B with BOC-Leu-OSu, procedure D, procedure B with iQn-OSu, then procedure F. Purification by HPLC gave the title compound: m/z 457.

Example 6

Compound 164:

Compound 164 was prepared by using procedure B with Qn-OSu and H-LD(OBn)V—NHCH₃ then procedure F. Purification by HPLC gave the title compound: m/z 514.

Example 7

Compound 174:

Compound 174 was prepared by using procedure B with BOC-Asp(OBn)-OSu and valinol, procedure D, procedure B with BOC-Leu-OSu, procedure D, procedure B with Qn-OSu, then procedure F. Purification by HPLC gave the title compound: m/z 487.

Example 8

Compound 177:

Compound 177 was prepared by using procedure B with BOC-Asp(OBn)-OSu and H-Thr—OCH₃, procedure D, procedure B with BOC-Leu-OSu, procedure D, procedure B with 4-methoxybenzenesulfonyl chloride, then procedure F. Purification by HPLC gave the title compound: m/z 532.

Example 9

Compound 180:

Compound 180 was prepared by using procedure B with BOC-Val-OSu and methylamine, procedure D, procedure B with BOC-Asp(OBn)-OSu, procedure D, procedure B with BOC-N-MeLeu-OSu, procedure D, procedure B with phenylacetyl chloride, then procedure F. Purification by HPLC gave the title compound: m/z 491.

Example 10

Compound 189:

Compound 189 was prepared by using procedure B with BOC-Val-OSu and methylamine, procedure D, procedure B with BOC-Asp(OBn)-OSu, procedure D, procedure B with BOC-Leu-OSu, procedure D, procedure B with phenylsulfonyl chloride, then procedure F. Purification by HPLC gave the title compound: m/z 499.

Example 11

Compound 345:

Compound 345 was prepared by using procedure A with 4-o-tolylureidophenylacetic acid and H-LD(OBn)V-OBn then procedure F. Purification by HPLC gave the title compound: m/z 606.

Example 12

Compound 206:

Compound 206 was prepared by using procedure A with 4-o-tolylureidophenylacetic acid and H-LD(OBn)VP-OBn then procedure F. Purification by HPLC gave the title compound: m/z 709.

Example 13

Compound 144:

Compoound 144 was prepared by using procedure A with 4-(2-hydroxyphenylureido)phenylacetic acid and H-LD(OBn)VP-OBn then procedure F. Purification by HPLC gave the title compound: m/z 711, 24.6 min (gradient 8).

Example 14

Compound 145:

Compound 145 was prepared by using procedure A with 4-phenylureidophenylacetic acid and H-LD(OBn)VP-OBn then procedure F. Purification by HPLC gave the title compound: m/z 695, 26.8 min (gradient 8).

Example 15

Compound 146:

Compound 146 was prepared by using procedure A with 4-(2-hydroxyphenylureido)phenylacetic acid and H-MD(OBn)VP-OBn then procedure F. Purification by HPLC gave the title compound: m/z 729, 22.4 min (gradient 8).

Example 16

Compound 1:

Compound 1 was prepared by using procedure A with 3-methoxy-4-phenylureidophenylacetic acid and H-LD(OBn)VP-OBn then procedure F. Purification by HPLC gave the title compound: m/z 725, 28.5 min (gradient 8).

Example 17

Compound 2:

Compound 2 was prepared by using procedure A with 3-methoxy-4-phenylureidophenylacetic acid and H-MD(OBn)VP-OBn then procedure F. Purification by HPLC gave the title compound: m/z 743, 27.0 min (gradient 8).

Example 18

Compound 315:

Compound 315 was prepared by using procedure A with 4-o-tolylureidophenylacetic acid and H-MD(OBn)VP-OBn then procedure F. Purification by HPLC gave the title compound: m/z 727.

Example 19

Compound 346:

Compound 346 was prepared by using procedure B with N-Hydroxysuccinimidyl 4-(2-(3-methylpyridylureido)phenylacetate and H-LDVP—OH. Purification by HPLC gave Compound 346: m/z 710.

Example 20

Compound 316:

Compound 316 was prepared by using procedure B with N-hydroxysuccinyimidyl 4-(2-pyridylureido)phenylacetate and H-LDVP—OH. Purification by HPLC gave the title compound: m/z 696.

Example 21

Compound 4:

Compound 4 was prepared by using procedure B with N-hydroxysuccinimidyl 6-(2-methoxy-3-o-tolylureido)pyridylacetate and H-LDVP—OH. Purification by HPLC gave the title compound: m/z 740, 30.7 min (gradient 8).

Example 22

Compound 147:

Compound 147 was prepared by using procedure B with N-hydroxysuccinimidyl 3-methoxy-4-phenylureidophenylacetate and H-LD(OBn)VP—NH₂ then procedure F. Purification by HPLC gave the title compound: m/z 724, 26.7 min (gradient 8).

Example 23

Compound 148:

Compound 148 was prepared by using procedure A with 4-o-tolylureidophenylacetic acid and H-LD(OBn)VP—NH₂ then procedure F. Purification by HPLC gave the title compound: m/z 708, 26.0 min (gradient 8).

Example 24

Compound 317:

Compound 317 was prepared by using procedure B with N-hydroxysuccinimidyl 6-(2-methoxy-3-o-tolylureido)pyridylacetate and H-LD(OBn)V—NH₂ then procedure F. Purification by HPLC gave the title compound: m/z 739, 28.0 min (gradient 8).

Example 25

Compound 336:

Compound 336 was prepared by using procedure A with 4-(2-fluorophenyl)ureidophenylacetic acid and H-LD(OBn)VP-OBn then procedure F. Purification by HPLC gave the title compound: m/z 713.

Example 26

Compound 32:

Compound 32 was prepared by using procedure B with iQn-OSu and H-LD(OBn)VP-OBn then procedure F. Purification by HPLC gave the title compound: m/z 598, 24.7 min (gradient 8).

Example 27

Compound 34:

Compound 34 was prepared by using procedure B with phenylacetyl chloride and H-LD(OBn)VP-OBn then procedure F. Purification by HPLC gave the title compound: m/z 561, 23.7 min (gradient 8).

Example 28

Compound 39:

Compound 39 was prepared by using procedure A with 3-(-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionic acid and H-LD(OBn)VP-OMe then procedure F. Purification by HPLC gave Compound 39: m/z 591, 21.5 min (gradient 8).

Example 29

Compound 42:

Crude compound 42 was prepared by sequentially using procedure A with BOC-Val-OH and H-homoPro-OBn, procedure D, procedure B with BOC-Asp(OBn)-OSu, procedure D, procedure B with BOC-Leu-OSu, procedure D, procedure B with phenyl acetyl chloride then procedure F. Purification by HPLC gave the title compound: m/z 575, 26.4 min (gradient 8).

Example 30

Compound 52:

Compound 52 was prepared by sequentially using procedure A with BOC-norVal-OH and methylamine, procedure D, procedure B with BOC-Asp(OBn)-OSu, procedure D, procedure B with BOC-Leu-OSu, procedure D, procedure B with Qn-OSu then procedure F. Purification by HPLC gave the title compound: m/z 518, 30.2 min (gradient 8).

Example 31

Compound 46:

Compound 46 was prepared by sequentially using procedure A with BOC-Val-OH and methylamine, procedure D, procedure B with BOC-Asp(OBn)-OSu, procedure D, procedure A with BOC-N-MeLeu-OH, procedure D, procedure A with 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propionic acid then procedure F. Purification by HPLC gave the title compound: m/z 521, 18.7 min (gradient 8).

Example 32

Compound 61:

Compound 61 was prepared by sequentially using procedure B with BOC-Thr-OSu and morpholine, procedure D, procedure B with BOC-Asp(OBn)-OSu, procedure D, procedure B with BOC-Leu-OSu, procedure D, procedure B with Qn-OSu then procedure F. Purification by HPLC gave the title compound: m/z 572, 24.0 min (gradient 8).

Example 33

Compound 213:

Compound 213 was prepared by using procedure H with MBC2 and benzyamine then procedure J: m/z 588.

Example 34

Compound 214:

Compound 214 was prepared by using procedure H with MBC2 and morpholine then procedure J: m/z 568.

Example 35

Compound 215:

Compound 215 was prepared by using procedure H with MBC2 and isopropylamine then procedure J: m/z 540.

Example 36

Compound 216:

Compound 216 was prepared by using procedure H with MBC2 and cyclohexylamine then procedure J: m/z 580.

Example 37

Compound 217:

Compound 217 was prepared by using procedure H with MBC2 and isobutylamine then procedure J: m/z 554.

Example 38

Compound 218:

Compound 218 was prepared by using procedure H with MBC2 and piperdine then procedure J: m/z 566.

Example 39

Compound 318:

Compound 318 was prepared by using procedure H with MBC3 and morpholine then procedure J: m/z 667.

Example 40

Compound 319:

Compound 319 was prepared by using procedure H with MBC3 and isopropylamine then procedure J: m/z 640.

Example 41

Compound 320:

Compound 320 was prepared by using procedure H with MBC3 and cyclohexylamine then procedure J: m/z 679.

Example 42

Compound 321:

Compound 321 was prepared by using procedure H with MBC3 and benzylamine then procedure J: m/z 687.

Example 43

Compound 322:

Compound 322 was prepared by using procedure H with MBC3 and piperidine then procedure J: m/z 665.

Example 44

Compound 323:

Compound 323 was prepared by using procedure H with MBC3 and isobutylamine then procedure J: m/z 653.

Example 45

Compound 324:

Compound 324 was prepared by using procedure H with MBC4 and cyclohexylamine then procedure J: m/z 777.

Example 46

Compound 325:

Compound 325 was prepared by using procedure H with MBC4 and piperdine then procedure J: m/z 763.

Example 47

Compound 326:

Compound 326 was prepared by using procedure H with MBC4 and benzylamine then procedure J: m/z 785.

Example 48

Compound 327:

Compound 327 was prepared by using procedure H with MBC4 and isopropylamine then procedure J: m/z 736.

Example 49

Compound 328:

Compound 328 was prepared by using procedure H with MBC4 and isobutylamine then procedure J: m/z 750.

Example 50

Compound 363

A. A mixture of o-tolylureidophenylacetic acid (3.53 g, 12.4 mmol), H-Leu-OtBu.HCl (2.78 g, 12.4 mmol), TBTU (3.98 g, 12.4 mmol), and iPr₂NEt (4.32 mL, 24.8 mmmol) in DMF (25 mL) was stirred overnight at RT. The product was precipitated by addition of H₂O (10 mL). The solids were collected by filtration on a medium frit, washing with 2:1 DMF/H₂O (35 mL), H₂O (25 mL), and Et₂O (2×25 mL), and dried on the filter (4.18 g, 74%). All of this product was suspended in CH₂Cl₂ (16 mL) and treated with TFA (16 mL) and stirred at RT 2 hr. The reaction was concentrated to a syrup which was evaporated from CH₂Cl₂ (2×20 mL). The residue was triturated with Et₂O (100 mL) at RT for 2 hr. The solids were collected by filtration on a medium frit, washing with Et₂O (50 mL), and dried on the filter (3.40 g, 93%): MS (FAB) 398.

B. A mixture of DCC (0.206 g, 1.0 mmol) and HOBT (0.135 g, 1.0 mmol) in EtOAc (6 mL) was stirred at RT 20 min until homogeneous. Fmoc-Asp-OtBu (0.411 g, 1.0 mmol), piperonylamine (0.12 mL, 1.0 mmol), and N-methylmorpholine (0.22 mL, 2.0 mmol) were added. After stirring overnight, the reaction was filtered to remove solids and the cake washed with fresh EtOAc (10 mL). The filtrate was washed with H₂O (2×), 5% citric acid (1×), 5% NaHCO₃ (1×), and brine (1×), and dried (MgSO₄). Flash column chromatography on SiO₂ eluting with 100% CHCl₃ to 2% MeOH/CHCl₃ provided 0.54 g (100%) of pure product as a solid: mp=128-130° C.; TLC (2% MeOH/CHCl₃) R_(f)=0.10; MS (FAB) 545; ^(H 1)NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz, ppm) 7.75-7.72 (m, 2H), 7.59-7.56 (m, 2H), 7.40-7.34 (m, 2H), 7.30-7.25 (m, 2H), 6.71-6.66 (m, 3H), 6.13-6.10 (m, 2H), 5.84 (s, 2H), 4.46 (m, 1H), 4.38-4.16 (m, 5H), 2.86 (dd, 1H, J=4.7, 15.6 Hz), 2.72 (dd, 1H, J=4.16, 15.6 Hz), 1.45 (s, 9H).

C. The product from Example 50B (0.25 g, 0.46 mmol), piperidine (0.45 mL, 4.6 mmol), and CH₂Cl₂ (0.45 mL) were stirred at RT for 90 min. The reaction was evaporated to a solid residue. Flash column chromatography on SiO₂ using a MeOH/EtOAc gradient provided product (0.138 g, 93%) as a colorless oil: MS (FAB) 323; TLC(10% MeOH/EtOAc) R_(f)=0.15; ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz, ppm) 7.63 (br s, 1H), 6.75-6.68 (m, 3H), 5.90 (s, 2H), 4.34 (dd, 1H, J=5.7, 14.7 Hz), 4.28 (dd, 1H, J=5.7, 14.7 Hz), 3.65 (dd, 1H, J=3.4, 9.3 Hz), 2.62 (dd, 1H, J=3.4, 15.7 Hz), 2.38 (dd, 1H, J=9.3, 15.7 Hz), 1.74 (s, 2H), 1.42 (s, 9H).

D. The product from Example 50C (2.55 g, 7.91 mmol) and Eschenmoser's salt (1.61 g, 8.70 mmol) were refluxed in MeCN (80 mL) under an inert atmosphere for 42 hr. The reaction was cooled to RT and evaporated to dryness. The residue was diluted with 5% NaHCO₃ and extracted with EtOAc (3×). The combined organic extracts were washed with 5% NaHCO₃ (1×), H₂O (1×), and brine (1×), and dried (MgSO₄). The crude product was dissolved in Et₂O (250 mL) and passed through a short pad of SiO₂, eluting with Et₂O followed by EtOAc. The slightly impure product thus obtained was further purified by trituration with ice cold Et₂O (30 mL) and collected by filtration to give a white solid (0.904 g, 34%): mp=121-123° C.; TLC (10% MeOH/CHCl₃) R_(f)=0.59; ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz, ppm) 6.75-6.66 (m, 3H), 5.92 (s, 2H), 4.66 (A of AB, 1H, J=14.7 Hz), 4.23 (B of AB, 1H, J=14.7 Hz), 4.15 (ABq, 2H, J=11.9 Hz), 3.68 (dd, dd, 1H, J=5.2, 10.9 Hz), 2.72 (dd, 1H, J=5.2, 17.3 Hz), 2.41 (dd, 1H, J=10.9, 17.3 Hz), 1.45 (s, 9H); C,H,N for C₁—H₂₂N₂O₅, theory—C:61.07, H:6.63, N:8.38, found—C:60.80, H:6.59, N:8.22.

E. The product from Example 50D (0.50 g, 1.5 mmol), the product from Example 50A (0.596 g, 1.5 mmol), and EDC (0.314 g, 1.64 mmol) were stirred in NMP (3 mL) at RT for 48 hr. The reaction was poured into EtOAc (60 mL), washed with H₂O (8×6 mL), brine (1×), and dried (MgSO₄). Flash column chromatography on SiO₂ eluting with 100% CHCl₃ to 30% EtOAc/CHCl₃provided product (0.94 g, 88%) as a pale yellow oil: MS (FAB) 714; TLC (10% MeOH/CHCl₃) R_(f)=0.4; ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz, ppm) consistent with structure and indicative of diastereomers.

F. The product from Example 50E (0.94 g, 1.32 mmol) was stirred in TFA (10 mL) at RT for 3 hr. The reaction was concentrated to dryness and the residue evaporated from CH₂Cl₂ (3×10 mL). The crude product was triturated with Et₂O at RT, collected by filtration and dried on the filter (0.733 g, 84%): MS (FAB) 658 (M+H), 680 (M+Na); TLC (5% HOAc/EtOAc) R_(f)=0.15; ¹H NMR (d⁶-DMSO, 300 MHz, ppm) consistent with structure and indicative of diastereomers.

Example 51

Compound 364:

A. In the same manner as described in Example 50B, Fmoc-Asp-OtBu (8.23 g, 20.0 mmol) was reacted with H-Gly-OBn.HCl (4.03 g, 20.0 mmol). Flash column chromatography on SiO₂, using an EtoAc/hexane gradient provided product (9.8 g, 88%) as a waxy solid: MS (FAB) 559; TLC (10% MeOH/CHCl₃) R_(f)=0.71;

¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz, ppm) 7.73 (d, 2H, J=7.5 Hz), 7.59 (d, 2H, J=7.4 Hz), 7.40-7.26 (m, 9H), 6.44 (br s, 1H), 6.09 (d, 1H, J=8.3 Hz), 5.13 (s, 2H), 4.52-4.49 (m, 1H), 4.41-4.29 (m, 2H), 4.21 (t, 1H, J=7.1 Hz), 4.04 (d, 2H, J=5.2 Hz), 2.95 (dd, 1H, J=4.6, 15.7 Hz), 2.79 (dd, 1H, J=4.3, 15.7 Hz), 1.46 (s, 9H).

B. The product of Example 51A (9.8 g, 17.54 mmol) was deprotected in the manner described in Example 50C. Filtration through a pad of SiO₂ with 100% EtOAc followed by 5% MeOH/CHCl₃ provided product (4.24 g, 72%) as an oil: MS (FAB) 337; TLC (3% MeOH/EtOAc) R_(f)=0.15; ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz, ppm) 8.00 (t, 1H, J=5.4 Hz), 7.30-7.21 (m, 5H), 5.07 (s, 2H), 3.98 (AB of ABX, 2H, J=5.4, 18.1 Hz), 3.60 (dd, 1H, J=3.4, 9.2 Hz), 2.60 (dd, 1H, J=3.4, 5.4 Hz), 2.38 (dd, 1H, J=9.2, 15.4 Hz), 1.79 (br s, 2H), 1.36 (s, 9H).

C. The product of Example 51B (4.24 g, 12.60 mmol) was cyclized in the manner described in Example 50D. Flash column chromatography using an EtOAc/CHCl₃ gradient provided product as a syrup (1.4 g, 32%): MS (FAB) 349; TLC (1:1 EtOAc/CHCl₃) R_(f)=0.53; ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz, ppm) 7.35-7.25 (m, 5H), 5.11 (s, 2H), 4.21 (A of AB, 1H, J=17.5 Hz), 3.95 (B of AB, 1H, J=17.5 Hz), 3.71 (dd, 1H, J=5.1, 11.2 Hz), 2.68 (dd, 1H, J=5.1, 17.2 Hz), 2.36 (dd, 1H, J=11.2, 17.2 Hz), 1.43 (s, 9H).

D. The product of Example 51C (1.40 g, 4.02 mmol) was coupled with the product of Example 50A using the procedure of Example 50E. Flash column chromatography using a CHCl₃/EtOAc gradient provided product as a brittle, pale yellow foam (2.21 g, 76%): MS (FAB) 728; TLC (1:1 CHCl₃/EtOAc) R_(f)=0.28; ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz, ppm) consistent with structure and indicative of diastereomers.

E. The product of Example 51D (0.15 g, 0.21 mmol) was deprotected and purified as described in Example 50F. The product was obtained as an off-white solid (0.127 g, 90%): MS (FAB) 672 (M+H), 695 (M+Na); TLC (9:1:0.1 CHCl₃/MeOH/AcOH) Rf=0.54; ¹H NMR (d⁶-DMSO, 300 MHz, ppm) consistent with structure and indicative of diastereomers.

Example 52

Compound 365

A. The product from Example 51E (0.100 g, 0.15 mmol), 4-methoxybenzylamine (20 μL, 0.15 mmol), and TBTU (0.0482 g, 0.15 mmol) in NMP (0.3 mL) were treated with iPr₂NEt (78 μL, 0.45 mmol). After stirring overnight at RT, the reaction was diluted with EtOAc (10 mL), washed with H₂O (5×2 mL), 5% citric acid (2×2 mL), 5% NaHCO₃ (2×2 mL) and brine (1×2 mL) and dried (MgSO₄). Filtration through a short pad of SiO₂, eluting with 2% MeOH/CHCl₃ followed by 4% MeOH/CHCl₃, provided product as a foam (0.087 g, 73%): MS (FAB) 792; TLC (9:1 CHCl₃/MeOH) R_(f)=0.41; ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz, ppm) consistent with structure and indicative of diastereomers.

B. A suspension of the product of Example 52A (0.087 g, 0.11 mmol) and Degussa type E101 NE/W 10% Pd/C (0.017 g) in MeOH (10 mL) was hydrogenated under 25 psi H₂ for 18 hr. The reaction was filtered through Celite, rinsing with MeOH. The filtrate was evaporated to dryness. The residue was triturated with Et₂O and the resultant beige solids collected by filtration (36.1 mg, 47%): MS (FAB) 701 (M+H), 723 (M+Na); ¹H NMR (d⁶-DMSO, 300 MHz, ppm) consistent with structure and indicative of diastereomers.

Example 53 Inhibition of VLA4-Dependent Adhesion to BSA-CS1

This assay was used to assess the potency of VLA4-directed inhibitory compounds of this invention.

1. Conjugation of CS1 to BSA

We dissolved BSA-SMCC (Pierce Chemical, Rockford, Ill.; Catalog #77115) in H₂O at a concentration of 10 mg/mL. [SEQ ID NO:4]: Cys-Tyr-Asp-Glu-Leu-Pro-Gln-Leu-Val-Thr-Leu-Pro-His-Pro-Asn-Leu-His-Gly-Pro-Glu-Ile-Leu-Asp-Val-Pro-Ser-Thr (“Cys-Tyr-CS1 peptide”), which we synthesized by conventional solid phase chemistry and purified by HPLC, was dissolved in 10 mM HEPES pH 5, 50 mM NaCl and 0.1 mM EDTA also at a concentration of 10 mg/mL. We then mixed 500 μL of BSA-SMCC, 250 μL of Cys-Tyr-CS1 peptide and 75 μL of 1 mM HEPES pH 7.5 and allowed the conjugation reaction to proceed for 30 minutes. We stopped the reaction by adding 1 μL of beta-mercaptoethanol. Samples were analyzed for cross-linking by SDS-PAGE. This reaction produced multiple molecules of the Cys-Tyr-CS1 peptide conjugate to each BSA molecule.

2. Preparation of Plates for Adhesion Assay

We coated the wells of a Linbro titertek polystyrene 96-well flat bottom plate (Flow Laboratories, Maclean, Va.; catalog #76-231-05) with 100 μL of the above-described BSA-CS1 solution diluted to 1 μg/mL in 0.05 N NaHCO₃ (15 mM NaHCO₃, 35 mM Na₂CO₃) pH 9.2. Some wells were not coated with CS1 in order to assess non-specific cell binding (NSB). The plate was then incubated overnight at 4° C.

Following this incubation, the contents of the wells were removed by inverting and blotting the plate. All of the wells were then blocked with 100 μL of 1% BSA in PBS, 0.02% NaN₃, for a minimum of one hour at room temperature.

3. Preparation of Fluorescently Labelled Ramos Cells

Ramos cells are grown, maintained and labelled in RPMI 1640 culture medium containing 1% BSA. Just prior to running the assay, we added 2′,7′-bis-(2-carboxyethyl)-5 (and -6) carboxyfluorescein acetoxymethyl ester (“BCECF-AM”; Molecular Probes Inc., Eugene, Oreg.; catalog #B-1150) to a final concentration of 2 μM to a culture of Ramos cells (4×10⁶ cells/mL). We incubated the cells for 20 minutes at 37° C.

Following labelling, the cells were washed twice in assay buffer (24 mM TRIS, 137 mM NaCl, 2.7 mM KCl, pH 7.4, containing 0.1% BSA and 2 mM glucose) to remove any cations originating from the culture medium. The cells were then resuspended in assay buffer to 4×10⁶ cells/mL and 2 mM MnCl₂ was added to upregulate VLA4 on the surface of the cells.

4. Running the Assay

Immediately prior to running the assay, we removed the BSA blocking solution from the 96-well plates and washed the wells with 100 μL of assay buffer. We then added to each well 25 μL of test cell adhesion inhibitory compound at 2× the final concentration and 25 μL of the labelled Ramos cells. Final concentrations were selected across a range of anticipated IC50s, usually between 0.01 nM-10 μM. Each concentration of compound was tested in triplicate. The compound and cells are allowed to incubate for 30 minutes at room temperature.

We then emptied the contents of the plate and washed the wells 4 times with assay buffer. Using a light microscope, we examined the NSB wells. If more than a few cells are bound to those wells, we washed the plate once more to remove the excess non-specifically bound cells.

Binding of the Ramos cells to the CS1 peptide-coated wells was measured by adding 100 μL of assay buffer to each well and quantitating fluorescence in a Millipore Cytofluor 2300 System plate reader set at 485 nm excitation and 530 nm emission. Binding was expressed as an IC50—the concentration of inhibitor at which 50% of control binding occurs. Percent binding is calculated by the formula:

[(F _(TB) −F _(NS))−(F _(I) −F _(NS))]/[(F _(TB) −F _(NS))×100=% binding,

where F_(TB) is total fluorescence bound to CS1-containing wells without added inhibitor; F_(NS) is fluorescence bound in wells lacking CS1; and F_(I) is fluorescence bound in wells containing an inhibitor of this invention.

Other compounds according to this invention were similarly assayed. The IC50 range for each of these compounds is indicated in the table below:

Cmpd # IC₅₀ 1 A 2 A 3 A 4 A 5 C 6 C 7 C 8 C 9 C 10 C 11 C 12 C 13 B 14 C 15 C 16 C 17 C 18 B 19 C 20 C 21 C 22 C 23 C 24 C 25 C 26 C 27 C 28 C 29 C 30 C 31 C 32 C 33 C 34 B 35 B 36 C 37 C 38 C 39 C 40 C 41 B 42 B 43 B 44 B 45 C 46 C 47 C 48 C 49 C 50 C 51 C 52 C 53 C 54 C 55 C 56 B 57 B 58 B 59 B 60 C 61 B 62 C 63 C 64 C 65 C 66 C 67 C 68 C 69 C 70 C 71 C 72 C 73 C 74 C 75 C 76 C 77 C 78 C 79 C 80 C 81 C 82 C 83 C 84 C 85 C 86 C 87 C 88 C 89 C 90 C 91 C 92 C 93 C 94 C 95 C 96 C 97 C 98 C 99 C 100 C 101 C 102 C 103 C 104 C 105 C 106 C 107 C 108 C 109 C 110 C 111 C 112 C 113 C 114 C 115 C 116 C 117 C 118 C 119 C 120 C 121 C 122 C 123 C 124 C 125 C 126 C 127 C 128 C 129 C 130 C 131 C 132 C 133 C 134 C 135 C 136 C 137 C 138 C 139 C 140 C 141 C 142 C 143 C 144 A 145 A 146 A 147 A 148 A 149 C 150 C 151 C 152 C 153 C 154 C 155 C 156 B 157 B 158 C 159 C 160 C 161 C 162 C 163 C 164 B 165 C 166 C 167 C 168 B 169 C 170 C 171 C 172 C 173 C 174 B 175 B 176 C 177 C 178 C 179 C 180 B 181 C 182 C 183 C 184 C 185 C 186 C 187 C 188 C 189 C 190 C 191 C 192 B 193 C 194 nd 195 C 196 C 197 B 198 C 199 B 200 B 201 B 202 B 203 B 204 B 205 B 206 A 207 B 208 A 209 B 210 B 211 B 212 B 213 B 214 B 215 B 216 B 217 B 218 B 219 A 220 A 221 A 222 A 223 A 224 A 225 A 226 A 227 A 228 A 229 A 230 A 231 A 232 A 233 A 234 A 235 A 236 A 237 A 238 A 239 A 240 A 241 A 242 A 243 A 244 A 245 A 246 A 247 A 248 A 249 A 250 A 251 A 252 A 253 A 254 A 255 A 256 A 257 A 258 A 259 A 260 A 261 A 262 A 263 A 264 A 265 A 266 A 267 A 268 A 269 A 270 A 271 A 272 A 273 A 274 A 275 A 276 A 277 A 278 A 279 A 280 A 281 A 282 A 283 A 284 A 285 A 286 A 287 A 288 A 289 A 290 A 291 A 292 A 293 A 294 A 295 A 296 A 297 A 298 A 299 A 300 A 301 A 302 A 303 A 304 A 305 A 306 A 307 A 308 A 309 A 310 A 311 A 312 A 313 A 314 A 315 A 316 A 317 A 318 A 319 B 320 B 321 B 322 A 323 B 324 B 325 B 326 A 327 A 328 A 329 A 330 C 331 C 332 C 333 C 334 C 335 C 336 A 337 A 338 A 339 C 340 C 341 C 342 C 343 C 344 C 345 A 346 A 347 A 348 C 349 C 350 C 351 C 352 C 353 C 354 C 355 nd 356 nd 357 nd 358 A 359 A 360 C 361 C 362 C 363 C 364 B 365 B 366 C 367 C 368 C 369 C 370 C 371 B 372 C 373 C 374 C 375 B 376 C 377 nd 378 nd 379 nd 380 C 381 nd 382 nd 383 nd 384 nd 385 nd 386 C 387 C 388 nd 389 nd 390 C 391 C 392 nd 393 C 394 C 395 C 396 nd 398 C 399 nd 400 nd 401 nd 402 nd 403 C 404 C 405 C 406 C 407 C 408 C 409 B 410 B 411 A 412 B 413 B 414 B 415 B 416 B Table abbreviations: A—<50 nm; B—50 nm-10 μm; C—>10 μm; nd—not determined. All compounds tested in this table demonstrated an IC₅₀ < 1 mM.

Example 54 Direct Binding of VLA4-Presenting Cells to VCAM-IgG

We next examined the ability of the compounds of this invention to inhibit VCAM/VLA4 binding, utilizing a VCAM-IgG-alkaline phosphatase conjugate. To carry out this assay, we used the Millipore Multiscreen Assay (Millipore Corp., Bedford, Mass.) to wash the cells efficiently.

1. Preparation of VCAM-IgG-AP conjugates

The construction of VCAM 2D-IgG expression vectors, transfection of CHO cells with those constructs and purification of the resulting expression product is described in PCT publication WO 90/13300, the disclosure of which is herein incorporated by reference.

1.2 ml of purified VCAM 2D-IgG (5 mg/ml in 10 mM HEPES, pH 7.5) was reacted with 44 μl of Traut's reagent (2-iminothiolane, 20 mg/ml in water; Pierce Chemical, Rockford, Ill.) at room temperature for 30 minutes. The sameple was desalted on a 15 ml Sephadex G-25 column equilibrated with 100 mM NaCl, 10 mM MES, pH 5.0. One ml fractions were collected and absorbance at 280 nm was determined. The two peak fractions were pooled.

One ml of calf intestinal alkaline phosphatase (19 mg/ml; Pierce Chemical, Rockford, Ill.) was reacted with 100 μl of sulfo-SMCC (30 mg/ml in water) and 100 μl 1 M HEPES, pH 7.5 for 35 minutes at room temperature. The reaction mix was desalted on a 12 ml Sephadex G-25 column equilibrated with 150 mM NaCl, 10 mM HEPES, pH 6.0. One ml fractions were collected and absorbance at 280 nm was determined. The two peak fractions were pooled and stored on ice.

The alkaline phosphatase-SMCC and VCAM 2D-IgG-iminothilane adducts were cross-linked at a molar ratio of 2:1 in Tris-HCL, pH 7.5 by incubation at room temperature for 30 minutes. Extent of cross-linking was determined by SDS-PAGE. The cross-linked products were stabilized by the addition of 2 mM MgCl₂ and 0.25 mM ZnCl₂ and stored at 4° C.

2. Binding Assay

We first blocked a 96-well filtration plate for by adding 275 μL of PBS containing 0.1% Tween 20 and 2% BSA (“blocking buffer”) to each well and incubating for 1 hour at room temperature. The plate was then placed onto a vacuum manifold and the blocking buffer was drained through the bottom of the filtration wells into a waste collection tray. Then we washed the wells three times with 200-250 μL of Tris-buffered saline, containing 0.1% BSA, 2 mM glucose and 1 mM HEPES, pH 7.5 (“assay buffer”) to wash out any remaining blocking buffer. We then drained the plates and blotted them on paper towels to remove buffer on the underside of the plate.

We then prepared a stock solution of VCAM-IgG-AP (4 μg/mL in assay buffer) and filtered it through a 0.2μ low protein binding syringe filter (Gelman Sciences, Ann Arbor, Mich. #4454). This solution was then diluted 1:10 in assay buffer and 25 μL was added to every well of the washed plate.

We diluted the cell adhesion inhibitor being tested to 2× final concentration in assay buffer and added 25 μL of each dilution to triplicate wells in the plate. Final concentrations used ranged from 0.01 nM-10 μM. Control wells for total binding and non-specific binding received 25 μL of assay buffer, instead of inhibitor. Total binding wells contained cells and VCAM-IgG-AP in assay buffer. Non-specific binding wells contained only VCAM-IgG-AP in assay buffer.

Jurkat cells were washed once in assay buffer to remove growth medium and resuspended at 8×10⁶/mL in assay buffer containing 2 mM MnCl₂. We added 50 μl of Jurkat cells to every well, except the non-specific binding wells, which received 50 μL of assay buffer to maintain a final assay volume of 100 μL per well. We gently mixed the contents of the wells by tapping the sides of the plate. The plate was then allowed to incubate undisturbed for 60 minutes at room temperature.

At the end of the 60 minute incubation, we placed the plate on the vacuum manifold to drain the wells. We carefully added 100 μL of assay buffer containing 1 mM MnCl₂ (wash buffer) to each well so as not to disturb the cells on the bottom. The wash buffer was removed by vacuum and the plate was washed again with 150 μL of wash buffer. After draining the wash buffer again, the underside of the plate was blotted on paper towels.

Next, we prepared a 10 mg/mL solution of 4-nitrophenylphosphate in 0.1 M glycine, 1 mM ZnCl₂, pH 10.5 (substrate buffer) and added 100 μL immediately added to each well. The plate was incubated for 30 minutes at room temperature to allow the colorimetric reaction to proceed. We stopped the reaction by adding 100 μL of 3 N NaOH to each well.

The contents of the 96-well filtration plate was then transferred directly into a 96-well flat bottom plate using the vacuum manifold. The plate was read at a wavelength of 405 nm to determine the amount of VCAM conjugate bound to the cells. Percent binding is calculated by the formula:

[(A _(TB) −A _(NS))−(A _(I−A) _(NS))]/[(A _(TB) −A _(NS))×100=% binding,

where A_(TB) is the absorbance at 405 nm of CS1-containing wells without added inhibitor; A_(NS) is the absorbance at 405 nm in wells lacking CS1; and A_(I) is absorbance at 405 nm in wells containing an inhibitor of this invention

We assayed other compounds of this invention in the same assay. The IC50 values are comparable to those derived from the CS1 binding assay described in the previous example, although certain compounds demonstrated up to 10-fold greater binding in this assay than in the previous assay.

Example 55 Inhibition of Mouse Contact Hypersensitivity

We anesthetized 20-g female Balb/c mice (Jackson Laboratories, Bar Harbor, Me.) with sodium pentobarbital (90 mg/kg, i.p.). A 3 cm² patch of abdominal skin was then exposed by closely shaving the fur. The skin was then scrubbed with 70% ethanol, followed by application of 25 μL of 0.5% DNFB in 4:1 v/v acetone:olive oil onto the bare abdominal skin. We then lightly scratched the skin with the applying pipet tip to encourage mild inflammation. Twenty four hours after the initial sensitization we again sensitized the mouse with 25 μL of 0.5% DNFB at same abdominal skin location, again followed by light scratching with the pipet tip. The second sensitization was performed while restraining the unanesthetized mouse.

On Day 5 (120 hours after the initial sensitization), we anesthetized the mice with 90:10 mg/kg ketamine:xylazine, i.p. and applied a sub-irritant dose of 10 μL of 0.2% DNFB to the dorsal surface of the left ear. The right ear received a similar application of the 4:1 v/v acetone:olive oil vehicle.

Four hours after challenging the immune response, we administered various concentrations of the inhibitors of this invention to the mice in 100 μL 0.5% sodium phosphate buffer, pH 8.8, and 3% v/v DMSO by subcutaneous (s.c.) injection. Less soluble inhibitors occasionally required up to 30% DMSO addition the highest concentrations tested. Groups of 8 mice were used for each treatment tested. Positive (PS2 anti-mouse VLA-4 antibody, 8 mg/kg, i.v.), and negative control (phosphate-buffered physiological saline, PBS, 100 μL i.v.; DMSO in PBS, 100 μL s.c.) groups were routinely tested for comparison as part of the assay of test compounds.

Twenty four hours after challenge mice were again anesthetized with ketamine:xylazine and the ear thickness of both ears measured with an engineer's micrometer to an accuracy of 10⁻⁴ inches. The ear swelling response for each mouse was the difference between its control- and DNFB-challenged ear thickness. Typical uninhibited ear swelling responses were 65-75×10⁻⁴ in. Inhibition of the ear swelling response was judged by comparison of treated groups with their negative control group. Percent inhibition was calculated as: $\left\lbrack {\frac{\begin{matrix} {\left( {{mean}\quad {negative}\quad {control}\quad {group}\quad {ear}\quad {swelling}} \right) -} \\ \left( {{mean}\quad {test}\quad {group}\quad {ear}\quad {swelling}} \right) \end{matrix}}{{mean}{\quad \quad}{negative}\quad {control}\quad {group}\quad {ear}\quad {swelling}} \times 100} \right\rbrack$

Statistical significance of the difference among treatment groups was evaluated using one-way analysis of variance followed by computation of the Tukey-Kramer Honestly Significant Difference (JMP, SAS Institute) using p<0.05.

The inhibitors of this invention cause a statistically significant reduction in the ear swelling response of DNFB-treated mice as compared to uninhibited control animals.

Example 56 Inhibition of Ascaris Antigen-Induced Late Phase Airway Sensitivity in Allergic Sheep

Sheep which had previously been shown to develop both early and late bronchial responses to Ascaris suum antigen were used in this study. The protocol used for the experiment was that described in W. M. Abraham et al., J. Clin. Invest., 93, pp. 776-87 (1994), except that the VLA-4 inhibitors of this invention were administered to the animals was dissolved in 3-4 ml of 50% aqueous ethanol and delivered by aerosol spray.

The results showed that all of the VLA-4 inhibitors of this invention inhibited the airway responses associated with administration of Ascaris suum antigen.

While we have hereinbefore presented a number of embodiments of this invention, it is apparent that our basic construction can be altered to provide other compounds and methods which utilize the compounds of this invention. Therefore, it will be appreciated that the scope of this invention is to be defined by the claims appended hereto rather than the specific embodiments which have been presented hereinbefore by way of example.

5 1 8 PRT Artificial Sequence Synthetically generated protein 1 Glu Ile Leu Asp Val Pro Ser Thr 1 5 2 5 PRT Artificial Sequence Synthetically generated protein 2 Glu Ile Leu Asp Val 1 5 3 5 PRT Artificial Sequence Synthetically generated protein 3 Leu Asp Val Pro Ser 1 5 4 27 PRT Artificial Sequence Synthetically generated protein 4 Cys Tyr Asp Glu Leu Pro Gln Leu Val Thr Leu Pro His Pro Asn Leu 1 5 10 15 His Gly Pro Glu Ile Leu Asp Val Pro Ser Thr 20 25 5 5 PRT Artificial Sequence Synthetically generated protein 5 Arg Cys Asp Xaa Cys 1 5 

We claim:
 1. A cell adhesion inhibitory compound of formula (I), Z—(Y¹)—(Y²)—(Y³)_(n)—X  (I) and pharmaceutically acceptable derivatives thereof; wherein: Z is selected from the group consisting of alkyl; aliphatic acyl substituted with or N-arylamido; heterocycloyl; alkyl-or arylsulfonyl; aralkylcarbonyl substituted with aryl; heterocycloalkylcarbonyl; alkoxycarbonyl; aralkyloxycarbonyl; cycloalkylcarbonyl optionally fused with aryl; heterocycloalkoxycarbonyl; alkylaminocarbonyl; arylamino carbonyl and aralkylaminocarbonyl optionally substituted with bis(alkylsulfonyl)amino, alkoxycarbonylamino or alkenyl; alkylsulfonyl; aralkylsulfonyl; arylsulfonyl; cycloalkylsulfonyl optionally fused with aryl; heterocyclylsulfonyl; heterocyclylalkylsulfonyl; aralkyloxycarbonyl; aryloxycarbonyl; cycloalkyloxycarbonyl; heterocyclyloxycarbonyl; heterocyclylalkoxycabonyl; mono-or di-alkylaminocarbonyl optionally substituted with aryl; (alkyl)(aralkyl)aminocarbonyl; mono-or diaralkylaminocarbonyl; mono-or di-arylaminocarbonyl; (aryl)(alkyljaminocarbonyl; mono-or dicycloalkylaminocarbonyl; heterocyclylaminocarbonyl; heterocyclylalkylaminocarbonyl; (alkyl)(heterocyclyl)aminocarbonyl; (alkyl)(heterocyclylalkyl)aminocarbonyl; (aralkyl)(heterocyclyl)aminocarbonyl; (aralkyl)(heterocyclylalkyl)aminocarbonyl; alkenoyl optionally substituted with aryl; alkenylsulfonyl optionally substituted with aryl; alkynoyl optionally substituted with aryl; alkynylsulfonyl optionally substituted with aryl; cycloalkenylcarbonyl; cycloalkenylsulfonyl;, cycloalkylalkanoyl; cycloalkylalkylsulfonyl; arylaroyl, biarylsulfonyl; alkoxysulfonyl; aralkoxysulfonyl; alkylaminosulfonyl; aryloxysulfonyl; arylaminosulfonyl; N-arylurea-substituted alkanoyl; N-arylurea-substituted alkylsulfonyl; cycloalkenyl-substituted carbonyl; cycloalkenyl-substituted sulfonyl; alkenoxycarbonyl optionally substituted with aryl; alkenoxysulfonyl optionally substituted with aryl; alkynoxycarbonyl optionally substituted with aryl; alkynoxysulfonyl optionally substituted with aryl; alkenyl-or alkynylaminocarbonyl optionally substituted with aryl; alkenylor alkynyl-aminosulfonyl optionally substituted with aryl; acylamino-substituted alkanoyl; acylaminosubstituted alkylsulfonyl; aminocarbonyl-substituted alkanoyl; carbamoyl-substituted alkanoyl; carbamoylsubstituted alkylsulfonyl; heterocyclylalkanoyl; heterocyclylaminosulfonyl; carboxyalkyl-substituted aralkoyl; carboxyalkyl-substituted aralkylsulfonyl; oxocarbocyclyl-fused aroyl; oxocarbocyclyl-fused arylsulfonyl; heterocyclylalkanoyl; N′,N′-alkyl, arylhydrazinocarbonyl; aryloxy-substituted alkanoyl and heterocyclylalkylsulfonyl. Y¹ is —N(R¹)—C(R²)(A¹)—C(O)—; Y² is —N(R¹)—C(R²)(A¹)—C(O)—; each Y³ is represented by the formula —N(R¹)—C(R²)(A³)—C(O)—; each R¹ is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, and aralkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; cycloalkyl; cycloalkenyl; cycloalkylalkyl; aryl; aminoalkyl; mono-or di-alkyl-substituted aminoalkyl; mono-or di-aralkyl-substituted aminoalkyl; hydroxyalkyl; alkoxyalkyl; mercaptoalkyl; thioalkoxyalkyl A¹ is selected from the group consisting of amino acid side chains and corresponding protected derivatives; cycloalkyl; and alkyl optionally substituted with amino, acylamino, amino-substituted acylamino, alkoxycarbonylamino, aryl, cycloalkyl, carboxy, alkoxy, aralkyloxy, alkoxycarbonyl, aralkoxycarbonyl, aminocarbonyl, alkylaminocarbonyl, dialkylaminocarbonyl, (alkyl)(aralkyl)aminocarbonyl, aralkylaminocarbonyl, diaralkylaminocarbonyl, hydroxyl, carboxyalkylaminocarbonyl, hydroxylaminocarbonyl, mercapto, thioalkoxy or heterocycle; A² is selected from the group consisting of acidic functional groups and alkyl optionally substituted with an acidic functional group, protected acidic functional group or aryl; each A³ is independently selected from the group consisting of amino acid side chains and corresponding protected derivatives; aryl; cycloalkyl; and alkyl optionally substituted with amino, acylamino, aminosubstituted acylamino, aryl, cycloalkyl, carboxy, alkoxy, aralkyloxy, alkoxycarbonyl, aralkoxycarbonyl, aminocarbonyl, alkylaminocarbonyl, dialkylaminocarbonyl, (alkyl)(aralkyl)aminocarbonyl, aralkylaminocarbonyl, diaralkylaminocarbonyl, hydroxyl, carboxyalkylaminocarbonyl, hydroxylaminocarbonyl, mercapto, thioalkoxy or heterocycle; or R¹ and any A are taken together with the atoms to which they are attached form a 3- to 6-membered ring heterocycle; each R² is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and alkyl; n is an integer from 0 to 8; and X is selected from the group consisting of alkoxy; aryloxy; aralkyloxy; hydroxyl; amino; alkylamino optionally substituted with hydroxy, aminocarbonyl, Nalkylaminocarbonyl, carboxy or alkoxycarbonyl; dialkylamino; cycloalkylamino; dicycloalkylamino; cycloalkylalkylamino; (alkyl)(aryl)amino; aralkylamino optionally substituted with carboxy; diaralkylamino; arylamino; heterocycle; and (mono-or bis-carboxylic acid)-substituted alkylamine; heterocyclylamino; heterocyclyl-substituted alkylamino. and wherein the compound of formula I is expressly not N′-carboxymethyl-N-(phenylacetyl-L-leucyl-L-aspartyl-L phenylalanyl-L-prolyl)piperazine (i. e., when Z=phenylacetyl, Y1═L, Y2═D, Y3═F/P, n=2, and X=4-carboxymethylpiperazinyl)and expressly not phenylacetylL leucyl-L-aspartyl-L-phenylalanyl-D-proline amide (i. e., when Z=phenylacetyl, Y1═L, Y2═D, Y3═F/p, n=2, and X═NH2).
 2. The cell adhesion inhibitory compound according to claim 1, wherein: Z is selected from the group consisting of alkyl; aliphatic acyl substituted with or N-arylamido; heterocycloyl; alkyl-and arylsulfonyl; aralkylcarbonyl substituted with aryl; heterocycloalkylcarbonyl; alkoxycarbonyl; aralkyloxycarbonyl; cycloalkylcarbonyl optionally fused with aryl; heterocycloalkoxycarbonyl; alkylaminocarbonyl; arylaminocarbonyl and aralkylaminocarbonyl optionally substituted with bis-(alkylsulfonyl)amino, alkoxycarbonylamino or alkenyl; each R¹ is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, and aralkyl; and X is selected from the group consisting of alkoxy; aryloxy, aralkyloxy, hydroxyl; amino; alkylamino optionally substituted with hydroxy, aminocarbonyl, Nalkylaminocarbonyl, carboxy or alkoxycarbonyl; dialkylamino; cycloalkylamino; dicycloalkylamino; cycloalkylalkylamino; (alkyl)(aryl)amino; aralkylamino optionally substituted with carboxy; diaralkylamino; arylamino; heterocycle; and (mono-or bis-carboxylic acid)-substituted alkylamine.
 3. The cell adhesion inhibitory compound according to claim 1, wherein A¹ is selected from the group consisting of cycloalkyl; heterocyclic ring (when A¹ and R¹ are taken together); and alkyl optionally substituted with amino, acylamino, amino-substituted acylamino, aryl, carboxy, cycloalkyl, hydroxy, alkoxy, aralkyloxy, alkoxycarbonyl, aralkoxycarbonyl, aminocarbonyl, alkylaminocarbonyl, dialkylaminocarbonyl, (alkyl)(aralkyl)aminocarbonyl, aralkylaminocarbonyl, diaralkylaminocarbonyl, alkoxycarbonylamino, mercapto, thioalkoxy or heterocycle.
 4. The cell adhesion inhibitory compound according to claim 3, wherein A¹ is selected from the group consisting of aminocarbonylethyl, benzyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, carboxyethyl, cyclohexyl, 1-hydroxyethyl, hydroxymethyl, mercaptomethyl, 1-methylpropyl, methylthioethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, methoxycarbonylaminobutyl, 6-aminohexanoylaminobutyl and (when A¹ and R¹ are taken together) azetidine, aziridine, pyrrolidine, and piperidine.
 5. The cell adhesion inhibitory compound according to claim 4, wherein A¹ is selected from the group consisting of benzyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, methylthioethyl, cyclohexyl, 1-methylpropyl, n-propyl and isopropyl.
 6. The cell adhesion inhibitory compound according to claim 4, wherein A¹ is (when A¹ and R¹ are taken together) pyrrolidine.
 7. The cell adhesion inhibitory compound according to claim 1, wherein A² is selected from the group consisting of alkyl optionally substituted with amino, aminocarbonyl, aryl, alkoxycarbonyl, aralkyloxycarbonyl, hydroxylaminocarbonyl, carboxy, NH-containing heterocycle, hydroxy, or mercapto; aralkyl optionally substituted with amino, aminocarbonyl, carboxy, NH-containing heterocycle, hydroxy, or mercapto; and heterocyclic ring (when A² and R¹ are taken together).
 8. The cell adhesion inhibitory compound according to claim 7 wherein A² is selected from the group consisting of carboxymethyl, 2-carboxyethyl, 1-carboxyethyl, hydroxylaminocarbonylmethyl, hydroxymethyl, mercaptomethyl, imidazolylmethyl, N-Bn-imidazolylmethyl, phenyl, carbomethoxymethyl, carbobenzyloxymethyl, and (when A² and R¹ are taken together) azetidine, aziridine, pyrrolidine and piperidine.
 9. The cell adhesion inhibitory compound according to claim 8 wherein A² is selected from the group consisting of carboxymethyl, 2-carboxyethyl, 1-carboxyethyl, hydroxylaminocarbonylmethyl, hydroxymethyl, mercaptomethyl and imidazolylmethyl.
 10. The cell adhesion inhibitory compound according to claim 1, wherein A³ is independently selected from the group consisting of amino acid side chains and corresponding protected derivatives; cycloalkyl; and alkyl optionally substituted with aryl, cycloalkyl, carboxy, hydroxylaminocarbonyl, alkoxy, aralkyloxy, mercapto, N-containing heterocycle, carboxyalkylaminocarbonyl or amino-substituted acylamino.
 11. The cell adhesion inhibitory compound according to claim 10, wherein A³ is independently selected from the group consisting of amino acid side chains and corresponding protected derivatives; cyclohexyl; and alkyl optionally substituted with phenyl, cyclohexyl, carboxy, hydroxylaminocarbonyl, methoxy, benzyloxy, mercapto, N-benzylimidazolyl, biotinyl, tetrazolyl, valinyl-N-carbonyl or 6-aminohexanoylamino.
 12. The cell adhesion inhibitory compound according to claim 1, wherein each Y³ is independently selected from the group consisting of amino acids and corresponding protected derivatives.
 13. The cell adhesion inhibitory compound according to claim 1, wherein: n is 2; Y¹ is leucinyl; Y² is aspartyl; and Y³ is valinylprolinyl.
 14. The cell adhesion inhibitory compound according to claim 1, wherein X is selected from the group consisting of alkoxy; aryloxy; aralkyloxy; hydroxyl; amino; mono- and dialkylamino optionally substituted with hydroxy, aminocarbonyl, N-alkylaminocarbonyl, carboxy or alkoxycarbonyl; dialkylamino; cycloalkylamino; cycloalkylalkylamino; dicycloalkylamino; (alkyl)(aryl)amino; aralkylamino optionally substituted with carboxy; diaralkylamino; arylamino; N-containing heterocycle; bis-carboxylic acid-substituted alkylamine and (mono- or bis-carboxy)methylaminocarbonyl-substituted-N-containing heterocycle.
 15. The cell adhesion inhibitory compound according to claim 14, wherein X is selected from the group consisting of amino, methylamino, isopropylamino, isobutylamino, n-butylamino, t-butylamino, isoamyl, isopentylamino, hexylamino, cyclohexylamino, cyclohexylmethylamino, methylphenylamino, phenylmethylamino, phenylamino, 4-methoxyphenylmethylamino, dimethylamino, diisopropylamino, diisobutylamino, hydroxy, methoxy, n-butoxy, t-butoxy, benzyloxy, 2-piperidinecarboxylic acid, N′-(α,α′-bis-carboxymethyl)-2-piperidinecarboxamide, N′-carboxymethyl-2-piperidinecarboxamide, 1-hydroxymethyl-2-methylpropylamino, 1-N′-methylamido-1-methylethylamino, 3,3-dimethylbutylamino, 1-N′-methylamidobutylamino, 1-amido-2-methylbutylamino, 1-carbomethoxy-2-methylbutylamino, 1-N′-methylamido-2-methylbutylamino, 1-carboxy-1-phenylmethylamino, morpholino, piperidinyl, N-phenylpiperazinyl, pipecolinyl, and piperazinyl.
 16. The cell adhesion inhibitory compound according to claim 1, wherein Z is selected from the group consisting of aliphatic acyl substituted with N-arylamido, aralkylcarbonyl substituted with aryl, heterocycloyl, alkoxycarbonyl, aralkylcarbonyl and heterocycloalkylcarbonyl.
 17. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound according to any one of claim 1 in an amount effective for prevention, inhibition or suppression of cell adhesion and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
 18. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 17, further comprising an agent selected from the group consisting of corticosteroids, bronchodilators, antiasthmatics, antiinflammatories, antirheumatics, immunosuppressants, antimetabolites, immunomodulators, antipsoriatics and antidiabetics.
 19. A method of preventing, inhibiting or suppressing cell adhesion in a mammal comprising the step of administering to said mammal the pharmaceutical composition according to claim
 18. 20. The method according to claim 19, wherein said method is used for preventing, inhibiting or suppressing inflammation.
 21. The method according to claim 20, wherein said inflammation is cell-adhesion associated inflammation.
 22. The method according to claim 19, wherein said method is used for preventing, inhibiting or suppressing an immune or autoimmune response.
 23. The method according to claim 22, wherein said immune or autoimmune response is cell-adhesion associated immune or autoimmune response.
 24. The method according to claim 19, wherein said method is used to treat or prevent a disease selected from the group consisting of asthma, arthritis, psoriasis, transplantation rejection, multiple sclerosis, diabetes and inflammatory bowel disease.
 25. A cell adhesion inhibitory compound of formula (I), Z—(Y1)—(Y2)—(Y3)n−X  (I) and pharmaceutically acceptable derivatives thereof; wherein: Z is a (N-Ar′-urea)-substituted aralkylcarbonyl group; Y1 is —N(R1)—C(R2)(A1)—C(O)—; Y2 is —N(R1)—C(R1)(A2)—C(O)—; each Y3 is represented by the formula —N(R1)—C(R2)(A3)—C(O)—; each R1 is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, and aralkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; cycloalkyl; cycloalkenyl; cycloalkylalkyl; aryl; aminoalkyl; mono-or di-alkyl-substituted aminoalkyl; mono-or di-aralkyl-substituted aminoalkyl; hydroxyalkyl; alkoxyalkyl; mercaptoalkyl; thioalkoxyalkyl A1 is selected from the group consisting of amino acid side chains and corresponding protected derivatives; cycloalkyl; and alkyl optionally substituted with amino, acylamino, aminosubstituted acylamino, alkoxycarbonylamino, aryl, cycloalkyl, carboxy, alkoxy, aralkyloxy, alkoxycarbonyl, ralkoxycarbonyl, aminocarbonyl, alkylaminocarbonyl, dialkylaminocarbonyl, (alkyl) (aralkyl)aminocarbonyl, aralkylaminocarbonyl, diaralkylaminocarbonyl, hydroxyl, carboxyalkylaminocarbonyl, hydroxylaminocarbonyl, mercapto, thioalkoxy or heterocycle; A2 is selected from the group consisting of acidic functional groups and alkyl optionally substituted with an acidic functional group, protected acidic functional group or aryl; each A3 is independently selected from the group consisting of amino acid side chains and corresponding protected derivatives; aryl; cycloalkyl; and alkyl optionally substituted with amino, acylamino, mino-substituted acylamino, aryl, cycloalkyl, carboxy, alkoxy, aralkyloxy, alkoxycarbonyl, aralkoxycarbonyl, aminocarbonyl, alkylaminocarbonyl, dialkylaminocarbonyl, (alkyl) (aralkyl)aminocarbonyl, aralkylaminocarbonyl, diaralkylaminocarbonyl, hydroxyl, carboxyalkylaminocarbonyl, hydroxylaminocarbonyl, mercapto, thioalkoxy or heterocycle; or R1 and any A are taken together with the atoms to which they are attached form a 3- to 6-membered ring heterocycle; each R2 is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and alkyl; n is an integer from 0 to 8; and X is selected from the group consisting of alkoxy; aryloxy; aralkyloxy; hydroxyl; amino; lkylamino optionally substituted with hydroxy, aminocarbonyl, N-alkylaminocarbonyl, carboxy or alkoxycarbonyl; dialkylamino; cycloalkylamino; dicycloalkylamino; cycloalkylalkylamino; (alkyl)(aryl)amino; aralkylamino ptionally substituted with carboxy; diaralkylamino; arylamino; heterocycle; and (mono-or bis-carboxylic cid)substituted alkylamine; heterocyclylamino; heterocyclylsubstituted alkylamino.
 26. The cell adhesion inhibitory compound according to claim 25, wherein each Y³ is independently selected from the group consisting of amino acids and corresponding protected derivatives.
 27. The cell adhesion inhibitory compound according to claim 25, wherein: n is 2; Y¹ is leucinyl; Y² is aspartyl; and Y³ is valinylprolinyl.
 28. The cell-adhesion inhibitory compound according to claim 25, wherein Z is a (N-Ar′-urea)-para-substituted phenylmethylcarbonyl group.
 29. The cell adhesion inhibitory compound according to claim 25, wherein: Z is a (N-Ar′-urea)para-substituted aralkylcarbonyl group; each R1 is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, and aralkyl; and X is selected from the group consisting of alkoxy; aryloxy; aralkyloxy; hydroxyl; amino; alkylamino optionally substituted with hydroxy, aminocarbonyl, Nalkylaminocarbonyl, carboxy or alkoxycarbonyl; dialkylamino; cycloalkylamino; dicycloalkylamino; cycloalkylalkylamino; (alkyl)(aryl)amino; aralkylamino optionally substituted with carboxy; diaralkylamino; arylamino; heterocycle; and (mono-or bis-carboxylic acid)-substituted alkylamine.
 30. The cell adhesion inhibitory compound according to claim 25, wherein A¹ is selected from the group consisting of cycloalkyl; heterocyclic ring (when A¹ and R¹ are taken together); and alkyl optionally substituted with amino, acylamino, amino-substituted acylamino, aryl, carboxy, cycloalkyl, hydroxy, alkoxy, aralkyloxy, alkoxycarbonyl, aralkoxycarbonyl, aminocarbonyl, alkylaminocarbonyl, dialkylaminocarbonyl, (alkyl) (aralkyl)aminocarbonyl, aralkylaminocarbonyl, diaralkylaminocarbonyl, alkoxycarbonylamino, mercapto, thioalkoxy or heterocycle.
 31. The cell adhesion inhibitory compound according to claim 30, wherein A¹ is selected from the group consisting of aminocarbonylethyl, benzyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, carboxyethyl, cyclohexyl, 1-hydroxyethyl, hydroxymethyl, mercaptomethyl, 1-methylpropyl, methylthioethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, methoxycarbonylaminobutyl, 6-aminohexanoylaminobutyl and (when A¹ and R¹ are taken together)azetidine, aziridine, pyrrolidine, and piperidine.
 32. The cell adhesion inhibitory compound according to claim 31, wherein A¹ is selected from the group consisting of benzyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, methylthioethyl, cyclohexyl, 1-methylpropyl, n-propyl and isopropyl.
 33. The cell adhesion inhibitory compound according to claim 31, wherein A¹ is (when A¹ and R¹ are taken together) pyrrolidine.
 34. The cell adhesion inhibitory compound according to claim 25, wherein A¹ is selected from the group consisting of alkyl optionally substituted with amino, aminocarbonyl, aryl, alkoxycarbonyl, aralkyloxycarbonyl, hydroxylaminocarbonyl, carboxy, NH-containing heterocycle, hydroxy, or mercapto; aralkyl optionally substituted with amino, aminocarbonyl, carboxy, NH-containing heterocycle, hydroxy, or mercapto; and heterocyclic ring (when A¹ and R¹ are taken together).
 35. The cell adhesion inhibitory compound according to claim 34, wherein A¹ is selected from the group consisting of carboxymethyl, 2-carboxyethyl, 1-carboxyethyl, hydroxylaminocarbonylmethyl, hydroxymethyl, mercaptomethyl, imidazolylmethyl, N-Bn-imidazolylmethyl, phenyl, carbomethoxymethyl, carbobenzyloxymethyl, and (when A² and R¹ are taken together) azetidine, aziridine, pyrrolidine and piperidine.
 36. The cell adhesion inhibitory compound according to claim 35, wherein A² is selected from the group consisting of carboxymethyl, 2-carboxyethyl, 1-carboxyethyl, hydroxylaminocarbonylmethyl, hydroxymethyl, mercaptomethyl and imidazolylmethyl.
 37. The cell adhesion inhibitory compound according to claim 25, wherein A³ is independently selected from the group consisting of amino acid side chains and corresponding protected derivatives; cycloalkyl; and alkyl optionally substituted with aryl, cycloalkyl, carboxy, hydroxylaminocarbonyl, alkoxy, aralkyloxy, mercapto, N-containing heterocycle, carboxyalkylaminocarbonyl or amino-substituted acylamino.
 38. The cell adhesion inhibitory compound according to claim 37, wherein A¹ is independently selected from the group consisting of amino acid side chains and corresponding protected derivatives; cyclohexyl; and alkyl optionally substituted with phenyl, cyclohexyl, carboxy, hydroxylaminocarbonyl methoxy, benzyloxy, mercapto, N-benzylimidazolyl, biotinyl, tetrazolyl, valinyl-N-carbonyl or 6-aminohexanoylamino.
 39. The cell adhesion inhibitory compound according to claim 29 selected from the group consisting of compound numbers 1, 2, 4, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 206, 315, 316, 317, 337, 338, 345, 346, 347, 357, 358 and
 359. 40. The cell adhesion inhibitory compound according to claim 39 selected from the group consisting of compound numbers 1, 206, 316, 358 and
 359. 41. The cell adhesion inhibitory compound according to claim 40 selected from the group consisting of compound numbers 358 and
 359. 42. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound according to any one of claim 25 in an amount effective for prevention, inhibition or suppression of cell adhesion and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
 43. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 42, further comprising an agent selected from the group consisting of corticosteroids, bronchodilators, antiasthmatics, antiinflammatories, antirheumatics, immunosuppressants, antimetabolites, immunomodulators, antipsoriatics and antidiabetics.
 44. A method of preventing, inhibiting or suppressing cell adhesion in a mammal comprising the step of administering to said mammal the pharmaceutical composition according to anyone of claims 42 or
 43. 45. The method according to claim 44, wherein said method is used for preventing, inhibiting or suppressing inflammation.
 46. The method according to claim 45, wherein said inflammation is cell-adhesion associated inflammation.
 47. The method according to claim 44, wherein said method is used for preventing, inhibiting or suppressing an immune or autoimmune response.
 48. The method according to claim 47, wherein said immune or autoimmune response is cell-adhesion associated immune or autoimmune response.
 49. The method according to claim 44, wherein said method is used to treat or prevent a disease selected from the group consisting of asthma, arthritis, psoriasis, transplantation rejection, multiple sclerosis, diabetes and inflammatory bowel disease. 